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covered by the provisions of this manual, the protection of the traveling public, <br />pedestrians, and of the workmen on the scene will dictate the measures to be <br />taken, consistent with the general principles set forth herein. <br /> <br />Early project planning for traffic control in construction areas and implementation <br />and surveillance of these controls during construction are very important. To <br />facilitate adequate advance project planning, the plans, specifications and <br />estimates (PS&E) for each project should include provisions for a reasonably <br />specific traffic control plan for moving traffic through or around the construction <br />zone in a manner that is conducive to the safety of the traveling public, <br />pedestrians and workers. This traffic control plan should include, but not limited <br />to, such items as signing; application and removal of pavement markings; <br />construction; scheduling; methods and devices for delineation and channelization; <br />placement and maintenance of devices; roadway lighting; traffic regulations; and <br />surveillance and inspection. <br /> <br />The high conspicuity of fluorescent orange colors provides an additional margin <br />of safety by producing a high visual impact in hazardous areas. Therefore, <br />where the color orange is specified for use in traffic control for construction and <br />maintenance operations, it is acceptable to utilize materials having fluorescent <br />red-orange or yellow-orange colors. <br /> <br />Responsibility. The provisions for public protection established herein are for <br />application by (1) state highway department, county, and municipal forces <br />performing construction or maintenance operations on roads and streets, (2) <br />contractors employed in road or street construction or maintenance under <br />contract to any governmental authority, and (3) all others, including employees of <br />public utility companies, performing any work on highways or so closely adjacent <br />as to create hazards for the public or for themselves. <br /> <br />These standards, as part of the manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, <br />should be adopted by all public authorities concerned with highways, and should <br />be given effect by official instructions to employees and by incorporation into the <br />specifications for all contracts. <br /> <br />It is important that the authorities having jurisdiction be able to require proper <br />protection, that responsibility be clearly assigned, adequate training of personnel <br />be provided, and that there be adherence to the standards and provisions of this <br />manual. <br /> <br />Fundamental Principles. All traffic control devices used on street and highway <br />construction or maintenance work shall conform to the applicable specifications <br />of this manual. <br />Construction and maintenance areas can present to the motorist unexpected or <br /> <br />