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Scope. This part sets forth basic principles and prescribes standards for the <br />design, application, installation, and maintenance of the various types of traffic <br />control devices required for road or street construction, maintenance operations <br />and utility work. These include signs, signals, lighting devices, markings, <br />barricades, channelizing, and hand signaling devices. Minimum standards of <br />application are prescribed for typical situations, and for methods of controlling <br />traffic through work areas. <br /> <br />Application of Standards. The general principles outlined in this manual are <br />applicable to both rural and urban areas. Since it is not practical to prescribe <br />detailed standards of application for all the situations that may conceivably arise, <br />minimum standards are presented here for the most common situations. It is <br />emphasized that these are minimum desirable standards for normal situations <br />and that additional protection must be provided when special complexities and <br />hazards prevail. The protection prescribed for each situation shall be based on <br />the speed and volume of traffic, duration of operation, and exposure to hazards. <br />As used in this part, the term street refers to all the streets in any municipality, <br />including cities, towns, villages, or other local jurisdictions. <br /> <br />Traffic conditions on streets are characterized by relatively low speeds, wide <br />ranges of volumes, limited maneuvering space, frequent turns and cross <br />movements, a significant pedestrian movement and other obstructions. <br />Construction and maintenance operations are more numerous and varied, <br />including such diverse activities as pavement cuts for utility work, pavement <br />patching and surfacing, pavement marking renewal and encroachments by <br />adjacent building construction. Work on arterial streets should be restricted to off <br />peak hours to minimize conflicts with traffic. <br /> <br />Rural highways are characterized by lower volumes, high speeds, and less <br />interference from pedestrians, turns, and encroachments. <br /> <br />Limited access highways present problems requiring a special effort by <br />administrators, supervisors, and work forces. Both high speeds and high volumes <br />may be anticipated, with peak flows restricting work to relatively short periods <br />during daylight hours. <br /> <br />The difficulties associated with the completion of work on lanes carrying high <br />volumes of traffic have made it necessary in some instances to schedule <br />construction and/or maintenance operations at night. While night scheduling <br />avoids peak flows, the problems associated with work site delineation and warning <br />device placement are increased. <br /> <br />Although each situation must be dealt with individually, conformity with the <br />provisions established herein is required. In particular situations not adequately <br /> <br />