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C HAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION <br />16 <br />5. An example of an oversight procedure that does not <br />fall into any of these four types exists in Charlotte, North <br />Carolina. The city’s Community Relations Committee <br />appoints a staff member to attend the Charlotte- <br />Mecklenburg Police Department’s internal hearings of <br />serious allegations against officers. The staff member <br />contributes to the findings of each review panel and can <br />give a minority report to the chief, city manager, and city <br />council (which happened once). <br />6. “How Much Force Is Enough?”Law Enforcement <br />News 24 (500) (November 30, 1998): 1. “The cost of a <br />civil suit goes beyond expenses incurred by individual <br />police officers. Such factors as the cost of liability insur- <br />ance, litigation expenses, out-of-court settlements, and <br />punitive damage awards all make civil liability an <br />extremely expensive proposition for police officers, law <br />enforcement agencies, governments, and, ultimately, tax- <br />payers. . . . After several lawsuits are filed, . . . premium <br />prices can skyrocket, or companies may refuse to ensure <br />the department.” Gaines, Larry K., Victor E. Kappeler, <br />and Joseph B. Vaughn,Policing in America,2d ed., <br />Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Company, 1997: 294. <br />7. “How Much Force Is Enough?”, 1. <br />8. National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law <br />Enforcement conference transcript, October 15–17, 1997, <br />Lanham, Maryland. <br />9. Luna and Walker, “A Report on the Oversight <br />Mechanisms of the Albuquerque Police Department.” <br />10. The oversight process lacks two qualities thought to <br />be essential to deter misconduct: certainty and severity of <br />punishment (Sviridoff, Michele, and Jerome E. McElroy, <br />Processing Complaints Against Police: The [New York <br />City] Civilian Complaint Review Board,New York: Vera <br />Institute of Justice, 1988: 35). Oversight procedures <br />also often lack a third critical element for deterrence: <br />swiftness. <br />11. Sviridoff and McElroy,Processing Complaints <br />Against Police,38. <br />12. Bayley, David, “Getting Serious about Police <br />Brutality,” in Accountability for Criminal Justice: <br />Selected Essays,ed. Philip C. Sternberg, Toronto: <br />University of Toronto Press, 1995: 96. <br />13. Sviridoff and McElroy,Processing Complaints <br />Against Police.