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Table of Contents <br />AMERESCO, INC. <br />NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS <br />(In thousands, except per share amounts) <br />The following is a reconciliation of the effective tax rates: <br />Year Ended December 31, <br />2023 2022 2021 <br />Income before (benefit) provision for income taxes <br />$ 38,269 $ <br />105,719 $ <br />78,144 <br />Federal statutory tax expense <br />$ 8,036 $ <br />22,201 $ <br />16,410 <br />State income taxes, net of federal benefit <br />(774) <br />3,844 <br />2,648 <br />Net state impact of deferred rate change <br />(3,213) <br />(575) <br />(502) <br />Nondeductible expenses <br />667 <br />2,198 <br />2,572 <br />Impact of reserve for uncertain tax positions <br />(200) <br />59 <br />286 <br />Stock -based compensation expense <br />4 <br />353 <br />(4,618) <br />Energy efficiency preferences <br />(30,359) <br />(21,410) <br />(17,639) <br />Foreign items and rate differential <br />458 <br />37 <br />4 <br />Adjustment State Taxes <br />(66) <br />Redeemable non -controlling interests <br />(227) <br />(411) <br />(2,546) <br />Valuation allowance <br />81 <br />(159) <br />337 <br />Miscellaneous <br />(42) <br />1,033 <br />1,001 <br />Total income tax (benefit) provision <br />$ (25,635) $ <br />7,170 $ <br />(2,047) <br />Effective tax rate: <br />Federal statutory rate expense <br />21.0 % <br />21.0 % <br />21.0 % <br />State income taxes, net of federal benefit <br />(2.0)% <br />3.6 % <br />3.4 % <br />Net state impact of deferred rate change <br />(8.4)% <br />(0.5)% <br />(0.6)% <br />Nondeductible expenses <br />1.7 % <br />2.1 % <br />3.3 % <br />Impact of reserve for uncertain tax positions <br />(0.5)% <br />0.1 % <br />0.4 % <br />Stock -based compensation expense <br />_% <br />0.3 % <br />(5.9)% <br />Energy efficiency preferences <br />(79.3)% <br />(20.3)% <br />(23.2)% <br />Foreign items and rate differential <br />1.2 % <br />— % <br />— % <br />Adjustment State Taxes <br />(0.2)% <br />— % <br />— % <br />Redeemable non -controlling interests <br />(0.6)% <br />(0.4)% <br />(3.3)% <br />Valuation allowance <br />0.2 % <br />(0.2)% <br />0.4 % <br />Miscellaneous <br />(0.1)% <br />1.1 % <br />1.9 % <br />Effective tax rate <br />(67.0)% <br />6.8 % <br />(2.6)% <br />The following table provides a reconciliation of gross unrecognized tax benefits which are included in other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets: <br />Year Ended December 31, <br />2023 <br />2022 <br />Balance, beginning of year <br />Additions for current year tax positions <br />Reductions of prior year tax positions <br />Balance, end of year <br />900 $ 900 <br />100 — <br />(200) <br />$ 800 <br />900 <br />The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in any future periods was $10 as of December 31, 2023 and <br />$450 as of December 31, 2022 (both net of the federal benefit on state amounts). <br />89 <br />