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legal counsel, etc. The prisoners, then, directly consume the services the prison staff provides <br />through their correctional program. The prisoners are the clients. All residents, however, are the <br />beneficiaries of these services in that they are afforded protection and safety. <br />A program is simply a related set of activities consistently pursued and systematically applied <br />with purposeful intent, that intent being -- at least within the outcome measurement framework - <br />to change something in a client or a client group. A program then does not necessarily have to be <br />organizationally bound. It may require staff, but it does not require a discreet organizational <br />chart, an independent administrator, or its own suite of offices. A program may actually be the <br />shared responsibility of the entire staff of an entire division or department. A good example is <br />the Community and Economic Development's Capacity Building Program which can be found in <br />the following pages ofthis section. The Department of Community and Economic Development <br />holds a variety of contracts with community based and non-profit organizations to provide staff <br />support and management to these groups and their volunteers. The purpose is to provide <br />opportunities that address obstacles that impede individual and organizational self-sufficiency. <br />The contracts are not the sole responsibility of any single division; the contracts are dispersed <br />across a variety of divisions. Non-profit organization management and the related efforts of <br />capacity building, however, is viewed as a coherent program for which all divisions are <br />responsible simply because the activities engaged and the services provided are consistent and <br />systematic across all the client groups who share the common characteristics of being organized <br />into non-profits requiring management and staff support. In this sense, the purposeful intent <br />across all divisions providing services is to change the client groups into functioning bodies <br />capable of conducting business. The divisions share a homogenous client need, a related set of <br />activities, and a common purpose when managing non-profits; they share a program in effect. <br />When we talk about outcomes in this document, we are always talking about incremental <br />changes in clients or client groups. It is important to understand that outcomes contribute to but <br />are different from impact. Impact is a community wide phenomenon. It is the net result of all <br />the outcomes of all those programs being offered in a specif c geographic area, including <br />programs operating independently of the City. Citywide goals are an expression of the impact <br />the City wishes to have through its programs. It should also be recognized that others outside of <br />municipal government hold some responsibility far contributing to the desired impact. This <br />document reflects the contribution of each program's outcomes to specific irrzpacts (goals). <br />In order to better understand the components of the logic models that follow this introduction, it <br />maybe helpful to provide some overall definitions. Outcome measurement as an evaluation tool <br />deals with the logical relationships among inputs, activities, outputs and outcomes. Inputs are <br />simply the resources that programs have at their disposal, including those that constrain them. <br />Inputs -- the resources programs have -- include staff, volunteers, funding sources, specialized <br />equipment, etc. They also include ordinances, regulatory bodies, accrediting standards, and all <br />those structures that place boundaries an programs. Activities are the things programs actually <br />do ~ to educate, to prepare, to update, to maintain, to repair, etc. Activities are obviously actions, <br />not things. Outputs, on the other hand, are very much things. They are the products emerging <br />from activities. (If the activity, far example, is to educate, then the products unight include the <br />number of classes offered, the number of newsletters produced, or the number of individual <br />C-2 <br />