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<br /> up on surfaces and furnishings. This residue can linger in spaces long after
<br /> smoking has ceased and continue to expose people to tobacco toxins. Sticky,
<br /> highly toxic particulate matter, including nicotine, can cling to walls and ceilings.
<br /> Gases can be absorbed into carpets, draperies, and other upholsteries, and then
<br /> be reemitted (off-gassed) back into the air and recombine to form harmful
<br /> compounds.
<br /> (Singer, B.C.; Hodgson, A.T.;Nazaroff, W.W., "Effect of sorption on exposures to organic gases from
<br /> environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)," Proceedings:IndoorAir2002,2002)
<br /> Tobacco residue is noticeably present in dust throughout places where
<br /> smoking has occurred.
<br /> (Matt, G.E.;Quintana, P.J.E.; Hovell, M.F.; Bernert,J.T.;Song, S.; Novianti, N.;Juarez, T.; Floro,J.;
<br /> Gehrman, C.;Garcia, M.; Larson, S., "Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke:sources
<br /> of infant exposures," Tobacco Control 13(l):29-37,March 2004.)
<br /> Given the rapid absorption and persistence of high levels of residual nicotine
<br /> from tobacco smoke on indoor surfaces, including clothing and human skin, this
<br /> recently identified process represents an unappreciated health hazard through.
<br /> dermal exposure, dust inhalation, and ingestion.
<br /> (Sleiman, M.;Gundel, L.A.; Pankow, J.F.;Jacob III, P.;Singer, B.C.; Destaillats, H., "Formation of
<br /> carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential
<br /> thirdhand smoke hazards," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of
<br /> America(PNAS) 107{15):6576-6581, February 8, 2010)
<br /> Unregulated high-tech smoking devices, commonly referred to as electronic
<br /> cigarettes, or "e-cigarettes, "closely resemble and purposefully mimic the act of
<br /> smoking by having users inhale vaporized liquid nicotine created by heat through
<br /> an electronic ignition system. After testing a number of e-cigarettes from two
<br /> leading manufacturers, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that
<br /> various samples tested contained not only nicotine but also detectable levels of
<br /> known carcinogens and toxic chemicals, including tobacco-specific nitrosamines
<br /> and diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical used in antifreeze. The FDA's testing also
<br /> suggested "quality control processes used to manufacture these products are
<br /> inconsistent or non-existent."
<br /> ([n.a.], "Summary of results: laboratory analysis of electronic cigarettes conducted by FDA,"Food and Drug
<br /> Administration(FDA),July 22,2009;http:l iwww.tda.egov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucml7314$,.htrn
<br /> Accessed on:October 22, 2009.)
<br /> E-cigarettes produce a vapor of undetermined and potentially harmful
<br /> substances, which may appear similar to the smoke emitted by traditional
<br /> tobacco products. Their use in workplaces and public places where smoking of
<br /> traditional tobacco products is prohibited creates concern and confusion and
<br /> leads to difficulties in enforcing the smoking prohibitions.
<br /> The Society of Actuaries has determined that secondhand smoke costs the
<br /> U.S. economy roughly $10 billion a year: $5 billion in estimated medical costs
<br /> associated with secondhand smoke exposure and $4.6 billion in lost productivity.
<br /> (Behan, D.F.; Eriksen, M.P.; Lin, Y., "Economic Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke," Society of
<br /> Actuaries, March 31,2005.)
<br /> Numerous economic analyses examining restaurant and hotel receipts and
<br /> controlling for economic variables have shown either no difference or a positive
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