HomeMy WebLinkAbout2-29-16_Final ReportDepartment of Community Development
City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc.ParkingConsultants – Planners TC-1
Table of Contents
SECTION 1 –EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
Results Summary .............................................................................................................1
Study Area .................................................................................................................1
Map 1 – Study Area..............................................................................................2
Central Business District.............................................................................................3
Parking Supply.....................................................................................................3
Table 1 – Summary Parking Supply ...............................................................3
Parking Demand – Current...................................................................................3
Parking Demand – Future ....................................................................................4
Table 2 – Projected Surplus with proposed development projects and
and alternative vacant space re-occupancy....................................................4
East Bank Zone..........................................................................................................5
Parking Supply.....................................................................................................5
Parking Demand – Current...................................................................................5
Parking Demand – Future ....................................................................................5
Ball Park Zone............................................................................................................6
Parking Supply.....................................................................................................6
Parking Demand – Current...................................................................................6
Parking Demand – Future ....................................................................................6
Summary Conclusions................................................................................................6
SECTION 2 –ANALYSIS CBD ZONE
Introduction ......................................................................................................................8
Methodology.....................................................................................................................8
Results – Central Business District...................................................................................9
Parking Supply ...........................................................................................................9
Table 3 – Summary Parking Supply......................................................................9
Map 2 – On-street Parking Supply...................................................................... 10
Map 3 – Off-street Parking Supply...................................................................... 11
Land Use.................................................................................................................. 12
Table 4 – Land Use Summary............................................................................ 12
Ratio – Parking Supply to Land Use.......................................................................... 12
Parking Utilization Analysis............................................................................................. 13
On-Street Parking Utilization Analysis....................................................................... 13
Figure 1 – On-street Occupancy (Observed) ...................................................... 13
Table 5 – On-street Occupancy Results ............................................................. 14
Map 4 – Peak Hour Occupancy (On-street)........................................................ 15
Department of Community Development
City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc.ParkingConsultants – Planners TC-2
Map 5 – Peak Occupancy Achieved (On-street)................................................. 16
Off-Street Parking Utilization Analysis....................................................................... 17
Figure 2 – Off-Street Parking Occupancy............................................................ 17
Off-street Public Parking........................................................................................... 17
Table 6 – Public Parking Occupancy.................................................................. 17
Figure 3 – Public Off-street Parking Occupancy.................................................. 18
Off-street Private Parking.......................................................................................... 18
Table 7 – Private Lots Parking Occupancy ......................................................... 18
Figure 4 – Private Off-street Parking Occupancy ................................................ 19
Parking Garage Occupancy...................................................................................... 19
Table 8 – Combined City Garage Parking Occupancy ........................................ 19
Figure 5 – Parking Garage Occupancy Graph .................................................... 20
Table 9 – Summary Parking Garage Occupancy Results (By Garage)............... 20
Peak Hour Occupancy (Off-street Parking) ............................................................... 20
Map 6 – CBD Peak Hour Occupancy (Off-street)................................................ 21
Map 7 –Peak Occupancy Achieved (Off-street).................................................. 22
Table 10 – Parking Utilization Correction............................................................ 23
Calculated Parking Demand ..................................................................................... 24
Figure 6 – Observed vs. Calculated Parking Need.............................................. 24
Current Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply ............................................................ 25
Table 11 – Current Surplus / (Deficit) Calculation by Block (CBD)....................... 26
Map 8 – CBD Parking Surplus / Deficit (Current)................................................. 27
Future Parking Needs – CBD.......................................................................................... 28
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 28
Future Parking Demand – CBD................................................................................. 28
Surplus / Deficit – Future CBD.................................................................................. 28
Table 12 – Future CBD Surplus / Deficit Summary by Block............................... 29
Map 9 – CBD Parking Surplus / Deficit (Future).................................................. 30
Table 13 – Projected Surplus / Deficit with Proposed Development Projects
and Alternative Vacant Space Re-Occupancy .............................................. 31
Table 14 – CBD Surplus / Deficit with 50% of Vacant Space Re-Occupied.......... 32
Map 10 – CBD Surplus Deficit with 50% Vacant Space Re-Occupied................. 33
Table 15 – CBD Surplus / Deficit with 90% of Vacant Space Re-Occupied.......... 34
Map 11 – CBD Surplus Deficit with 90% Vacant Space Re-Occupied................. 35
Barrier Free Parking Analysis.......................................................................................... 36
Table 16 – ADA Parking Requirements by Parking Area Size............................. 36
Table 17 – ADA Parking Requirements by Parking Area..................................... 37
Department of Community Development
City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc.ParkingConsultants – Planners TC-3
SECTION 3 –ANALYSIS –EAST BANK
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39
Results – East Bank ....................................................................................................... 39
Parking Supply ......................................................................................................... 39
Table 18 – Summary Parking Supply – East Bank.............................................. 39
Map 12 – East Bank Parking Supply................................................................... 40
Land Use.................................................................................................................. 41
Table 19 – Land Use Allocation – East Bank...................................................... 41
Ratio – Parking Supply to Land Use (East Bank) ...................................................... 41
Parking Utilization Analysis – East Bank ......................................................................... 41
On-Street Parking Utilization Analysis................................................................. 42
Figure 7 – On-street Parking Utilization (Observed)............................................ 42
Off-street Parking Utilization – East Bank.................................................................. 42
Figure 8 – Off-street Parking Utilization (Observed)............................................ 43
Map 13 – East Bank Hour Occupancy................................................................ 44
Map 14 – East Bank Peak Occupancy Achieved ................................................ 45
Table 20 – Parking Utilization Correction............................................................ 46
Figure 9 – Observed vs. Calculated Parking Need (East Bank)........................... 47
Current Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply ............................................................ 47
Table 21 - East Bank Surplus / Deficit by Block (Current Condition).................... 48
Map 15 – East Bank Parking Surplus / Deficit (Current)...................................... 49
Future Parking Needs – East Bank........................................................................... 50
Table 22 - Known East Bank Development Projects........................................... 50
Table 23 – East Bank Surplus / Deficit Summary by Block (Future Condition)..... 50
Map 16 – East Bank Parking Surplus / Deficit (Future)........................................ 51
SECTION 4 –BALLPARK ZONE
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 52
Results – Ballpark........................................................................................................... 52
Parking Supply ......................................................................................................... 52
Table 24 – Parking Supply Summary.................................................................. 52
Map 17 – Ballpark Zone Parking Supply............................................................. 53
Land Use.................................................................................................................. 54
Table 25 – Land Use Allocation ......................................................................... 54
Parking Utilization Analysis....................................................................................... 54
Figure 10 – Off-Street Parking Utilization............................................................ 55
Figure 11 – On-Street Parking Utilization............................................................ 55
Map 18 – Ballpark Zone Peak Hour Occupancy.................................................. 56
Table 26 – Parking Utilization Correction............................................................ 57
Department of Community Development
City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc.ParkingConsultants – Planners TC-4
Figure 12 – Observed vs. Calculated Needs....................................................... 58
Current Parking Demand vs. Supply ......................................................................... 58
Table 27 – Current Surplus/Deficit by Block........................................................ 59
Map 19 – Ballpark Zone Parking Surplus/Deficit................................................. 60
Future Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply.............................................................. 61
SECTION 5 -ECONOMIC ANALYSIS...................................................................................... 62
Table 28 – Summary Revenues / Expenses (2012 – 2014)................................. 63
Parking Rates........................................................................................................... 64
Table 29 – Non-Reserved vs Reserved Space Pricing Model ............................. 65
Table 30 - Parking Rates – Other Cities.............................................................. 66
Parking Citations...................................................................................................... 67
Figure 13 – Number of Parking Citations by Month ............................................ 67
Table 31 – On-Street Violation Rate................................................................... 68
Parking Enforcement................................................................................................ 68
Table 32 – Violation Summary............................................................................ 69
Parking Fine Rates Other Cities................................................................................ 70
SECTION 6 –RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................... 71
Detailed Recommendations............................................................................................ 72
Signage.................................................................................................................... 72
Parking Duration Limits............................................................................................. 76
Permit Pricing........................................................................................................... 77
Maintenance............................................................................................................. 78
Enforcement............................................................................................................. 78
Future Parking Needs............................................................................................... 82
Marketing ................................................................................................................. 83
Miscellaneous........................................................................................................... 84
SECTION 7 –PARKING SURVEY RESULTS
Business Owner Survey............................................................................................ 85
Downtown Employees.............................................................................................. 90
Customers / Visitors.................................................................................................. 94
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 99
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 1
SECTION 1 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Downtown South Bend is planning and undergoing several exciting changes that will bring new housing and retail developments both to the core CBD district (west of the River) as well as several housing and commercial projects planned for the East Bank District. The City also envisions additional opportunities in the area of Four Winds Field, which is the City’s minor league ballpark. In order to understand the impact of the development projects on downtown parking and to address identified deficiencies, the City commissioned this comprehensive parking study. This study is to quantify and qualify all current and future parking supply within the study area as well as quantify and qualify existing and future parking needs. This information can then be used to help the City determine where additional parking should be located, and what may be the appropriate size of a new parking facility to replace one of the City’s aging parking structures, which is expected to need replacement within the next five to ten years. Results Summary Study Area The study area defined by the City extended from South Street as the southern boundary to north of Memorial Hospital and from just west of Lafayette Street as the western boundary to Hill Street east of the St Joseph River as the eastern boundary. This area has further been separated into four zones. The area from Marion Street on the north down to Western Avenue on the east and from Lafayette to the River is defined as the CBD Zone. The area between these northern and southern boundaries east of the river is the East Bank Zone. The small area around the ballpark (Ballpark Zone) has also been analyzed as part of this report. The Hospital zone (north of Marion) is not included in the assessment as Memorial Hospital controls virtually one hundred percent of the property that consist of hospital buildings and parking. Map 1 on the following page demonstrates the downtown study area and zones.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 2
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 3
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT Parking Supply Within the CBD zone, there are more than 100 privately controlled (and restricted) off-street parking areas and 15 publicly available lots or parking structures. While the number of facilities is widely disproportionate, the total number of spaces that are publicly available is (on a percentage basis) only slightly less at 45 percent publicly available versus 55 percent privately controlled. A best practice is for the City to have at least 50 percent of the spaces publicly available to foster a walkable community where patrons can park once and walk to multiple destinations. This equates to a current difference of 377± publicly available spaces short (from the 50/50 benchmark) when considering that there are just under 6,900 spaces (6,858) within the CBD. Too many private spaces limit the walkability, as private property owners generally intend that their parking areas are available to their customers and staff only while visiting that business and then are expected to move their vehicle to make way for the next customer. Included in the 6,858± total spaces within the CBD, are 858 on-street spaces that are generally limited to one or two hours, but which is all free parking. The 858 spaces represent 28 percent of the public supply within the CBD but only 12 percent of the CBD total parking supply. Most publicly available off-street parking requires payment but two of the three City-owned parking structures offer the first two hours of parking free while the third offers the first 15-minutes free. After the free period, hourly rates begin to the maximum daily fee in all three structures of $5.00. In the City parking structures, payment is through automated equipment at the exit or in the case of several lots, honor boxes with pay by space. None of the City’s parking facilities are attended. Table 1 – Summary Parking Supply (Central Business District Zone) Public Parking Private Parking TOTAL On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street 858 2,194 0 3,806 858 6000
3,052 3,806 6,858
44.5% 55.5 100.0% Parking Demand - Current In order to quantify the parking demand, Rich collected the amount of building area dedicated to various types of land use (office, retail, food service, residential etc.) from the St. Joseph County Assessor’s website. This data was quantified by block to which a parking generation rate (number of parking spaces
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 4
used per 1,000 square feet, residential dwelling unit, hotel room etc.) could be applied. This data was then compared to observed values as obtained during the turnover and occupancy study conducted by Rich adjusted to reflect anticipated peak day conditions. The total parking supply (6,858 spaces) compared to the 3,404,000 square feet of building area (excluding residential units and hotel rooms) calculated as 2.01 spaces per 1,000 square feet. Based on the collected data, approximately 2,797,000 square feet is occupied (leaving approximately 607,000 square feet currently unoccupied). Comparing the 6,858 parking spaces to 2,800,000 would result in the ratio of provided spaces increasing to 2.45 spaces per 1,000 square feet of occupied building area. Peak hour observations from the utilization study (adjusted for peak day) showed an expected occupancy of 4,834 spaces occupied. Using parking generation rates for the various types of land uses that were consistent with the observed conditions (adjusted for peak day) resulted in the calculated parking demand at peak time of 4,846 spaces, a figure very close (+12 spaces) to the adjusted observed values (4,834 spaces). The 4,846 spaces needed, as calculated at peak time, equates to 1.78 spaces occupied per 1,000 square feet of occupied building area and compared to the 6,858 spaces available equates to a parking occupancy rate of 71 percent. Parking Demand – Future Several redevelopment projects are currently underway including the conversion of the Hoffman and LaSalle Hotels to residential developments as well as the conversion of the JMS building to residential housing. Also planned is the proposed development of a hotel on the College Football Hall of Fame site. These projects combined will add significant parking demand (160 additional spaces) to the downtown parking requirements. The hotel on the Hall of Fame site will also eliminate a net 41± spaces. A net additional 46± spaces will become available on block 20 within the current construction staging area for the renovation of the former LaSalle Hotel building and the adjacent Hoffman building, offset by additional parking demand created by the re-occupancy of these two buildings. These changes will result in the calculated parking demand increasing from 4,846± space to 4,999± spaces (+153 spaces) and the parking supply increasing (by 255 spaces) to 7,113 spaces increasing the gross parking surplus from 2,012 spaces to 2,114 spaces (70% occupancy). Additional significant demand will be created as the Chase Tower (315,000 square feet) is renovated into what is expected to be ground floor retail/restaurant, with upper floors as hotel rooms and residential units (with much of the resulting demand accommodated within the 250 spaces beneath this building) as well as other smaller locations of vacant space is reoccupied. Depending on the proportion of 98,000 square feet of vacant space re-occupied (after excluding the re-occupancy of the projects noted above and assuming the Chase Tower square footage allocated as hotel and residential space), the downtown gross parking surplus will be reduced up to 283± spaces assuming 90 percent of the existing vacant space is reoccupied as shown in Table 2 below. The net surplus values discount surplus private spaces (since they typically are not available to the general public) to reflect the surplus of publicly available parking. Table 2 - Projected Surplus with proposed development projects and alternative vacant space re-occupancy
Current Future* 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Total Demand 4,846 4,999 5,022 5,045 5,068 5,103 5,139 5,174 5,210 5,246 5,282Total Supply 6,858 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113Gross Surplus / (Deficit) 2,012 2,114 2,091 2,068 2,045 2,010 1,974 1,939 1,903 1,867 1,831Effective Parking Occ 71% 70% 71% 71% 71% 72% 72% 73% 73% 74% 74%
Net Surplus / (Deficit)513 384 383 382 381 380 379 378 376 375 374
Percentage of 97,995 Vacant Square Feet Occupied
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 5
EAST BANK ZONE Parking Supply The parking supply within the East Bank zone consists of 27 privately owned lots with a combined total of 993 spaces and just two lots with publicly available parking (Seitz Park and north of the Emporium) with a total of just 32 spaces. Seitz Park is not convenient to any of the commercial businesses within the zone. The total off-street supply equates to 1,025 spaces. There are also 290 on-street spaces that, unlike the CBD zone, none of the on-street spaces have time limits. The total parking supply in the East Bank is 1,315 spaces. Parking Demand - Current The parking demand for the East Bank was determined in a similar method as the CBD. The quantified building square footage by land use currently totals 377,000 square feet meaning there are nearly 3.5 parking spaces per 1,000 square feet of building area. From the assessor’s data, virtually all (374,000) is currently occupied. Using data from the field observations, peak time appeared to be between 11:00 am and 12:00 noon. The adjusted observed peak parking utilization (correcting for peak day) would be 695± spaces occupied while the calculated parking demand for this time totals 716 spaces. The 716 spaces equate to 1.91 spaces occupied per 1,000 square feet of occupied building area. Parking Demand – Future As of the date of this report, several combined residential and retail developments are planned for the East Bank. These include: East Bank Flats on block 21 of the study area consisting of 18 residential units, assumed 2,000 sf of retail space plus 31 parking spaces. Colfax at Hill on block 24 consisting of 16 residential units, 4,800 sf of retail space plus 16 parking spaces. River Race Flats on block 37 consisting of 32 residential units and 8,000 sf of ground floor retail space and 9,000 sf of 2nd floor office space plus 30 parking spaces. These developments will increase the parking demand within the East Bank by 73 parking spaces to 789 spaces needed at peak hour while adding 77 parking spaces to the supply (bringing it to a total of 1,392 spaces) resulting in a slight increase in the gross parking surplus for the East Bank from 599 spaces to 603 spaces.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 6
BALL PARK ZONE Parking Supply Within the “Ballpark” zone just 15 percent of the off-street parking can be classified as “publicly available”. There are approximately 90± spaces where the actual parking stalls are striped and intended for use by staff and patrons of the ballpark, with others unmarked but available on open grass lots during ballgames. The ballpark zone also includes spaces surrounding the Post Office on St. Joseph, which at some point will be repurposed. The off-street supply in the ballpark zone totals 573± spaces of which 486± spaces are classified as private parking. On-street parking on the included blocks adds an additional 207± spaces to the zone for a total supply of 780± spaces. Parking Demand - Current The total building square footage (exclusive of residential uses) is just under 400,000 gross square feet, not including the ballpark. Within the zone are approximately 40 residential units, most of which are associated with the Hope Rescue Mission. The calculated parking demand for the daytime hours in this zone totals 243± spaces, which occurs during the afternoon hours (3:00 pm – 4:00 pm) but a morning peak consistent to the peak periods in the CBD and East Bank zones (11:00 am) has a parking demand of 226± spaces which is very close to the later afternoon peak. Parking Demand – Future One potential project whose needs are undefined at this point could occur on the block directly north of the ballpark but it is anticipated to provide for all of its parking needs on-site. It is also expected that any existing parking needs displaced by the new development will be able to be accommodated on existing unused parking southeast of the ballpark. Summary Conclusions As a result of the analysis completed to date, Rich has reached some preliminary conclusions for the three zones studied, CBD, East Bank Zone and Ballpark Zone. 1. While the demand calculations for the CBD show a parking surplus, there are pockets where the parking is insufficient and which is consistent with patrons’ perceptions. This is likely due to the high proportion of “reserved” spaces within the parking structures. Patrons indicated on the surveys that the average stay is in excess of three hours for which the two-hour time limited on street parking would be insufficient. These restrictions mean either moving their vehicle periodically or risking a parking citation. Because of the high proportion of reserved spaces, patrons may not feel that they will find a parking space in a convenient parking structure.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 7
2. Re-occupancy of currently vacant space within the CBD coupled with redevelopment of several other properties will result in several more areas having apparent parking deficiencies or existing deficiencies will increase; and that will further enhance the perceptions of insufficient parking due to the number of reserved parking stalls. 3. The East Bank Zone has a current surplus. Additional known developments will increase the parking demand while at the same time adding to the parking supply with the result being a slight increase in the surplus rather than resulting in a decrease or having a deficit. 4. The Ballpark Zone has a current surplus approaching 300± spaces. However, more than 200,000 gross square feet of building area is currently vacant, including about 120,000 gross square feet in the former post office building (sorting facility). Re-occupancy of the existing vacant space at even modest parking generation rates (1.25) could virtually eliminate the existing Ballpark Zone surplus. 5. Patrons do not have a strong sense that the existing directional signage (to parking) is adequate. 6. Examination of the economic data for the parking system does not appear to indicate a system that can support the debt from constructing a new parking facility but which would require subsidy by the City. The system is currently generating a “surplus” of $300,000 per year but this does not account for any allocations to fund long-term maintenance needs or existing debt service on the garages. 7. Only about 50 percent of parking citations are collected. A more reasonable collection rate is between 60 percent and 80 percent. At these levels, this would generate additional income of between $25,000 and $82,000 per year. 8. The one-hour parking spaces in the CBD are inconsistent with the needs of many patrons. Two-hour parking is generally acceptable to encourage turnover, but there must be available alternatives for those patrons wishing to stay longer which does not appear to be the case in South Bend as many of the spaces in the three parking structures are reserved. 9. Business owners, employees and customers / visitors in general all seemed to agree that users should pay for parking (with many feeling that a combination of paid parking supported by the General Fund and taxes on businesses) would be acceptable. 10. Customer /Visitors and downtown employees expect to be able to park within approximately 1.7 blocks of their destination while business owners feel that the maximum their customers should have to walk as 1.25 blocks. 11. The current level of development in the East Bank can exist with the time limits for on-street parking unrestricted. This is because most private entities have off-street parking for their staff which means that they don’t necessarily use on street spaces. This may change in the future if any existing parking lots become sites for expansion. In this case, employees may then try to use the on-street parking because it is unrestricted (and presumably more convenient) which could potentially create issues for some customers or visitors who may then be unable to find convenient on-street parking for themselves. Should such development occur, time limit restrictions may be necessary for on-street spaces in the East Bank zone.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 8
SECTION 2 – ANALYSIS – CBD ZONE Introduction South Bend is experiencing renewed interest in its downtown leading to increasing levels of commercial activity and new developments. Several older buildings are in the process of renovation that will position them for higher levels of activity while proposed new development projects will bring more hotel guests and the associated levels of activity from conventions and other large gatherings. Using a proven methodology, Rich and Associates have calculated the parking needs for the Central Business District as one zone with the parking requirements for the East Bank District shown as a separate zone and discussion, as well as the area around Four Winds Field (ballpark zone) analyzed as a separate zone. The requirements in all three zones have been determined reflecting existing conditions as well as future parking needs considering the known developments taking place within each zone together with re-occupancy of existing vacant space within the Central Business District. Methodology In order to calculate the parking needs for the study area, Rich and Associates rely upon a proven methodology that has a series of data collection tasks and analyses. These steps include: A detailed inventory of the parking supply (public and private) both on street and off-street. A complete inventory of the available building square footage within the study area that generates the parking demand. This data came from the St. Joseph County Assessor’s website that had the amount of square footage in each building dedicated to the various types of land uses (office, retail, theater, storage etc.). Observations of the actual utilization of the existing parking supply. As noted above, the overall study area has been separated into the CBD zone that includes the blocks between Western Avenue on the south to Marion Street on the north and from the west side of Lafayette to the River. The East Bank zone includes the area from the River to Hill Street between Jefferson and Madison while the Ballpark zone covers the area south of the CBD surrounding the ballpark. The parking needs have been calculated for each block within each of the three zones. The demand reflects existing (at the time of the fieldwork) and future conditions reflecting proposed new developments and occupancy of current vacant space within the CBD. Comparison of the parking demand and the parking supply on each block within each zone.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 9
Results – Central Business District (CBD) Parking Supply The parking supply serving the visitors and workers to the Central Business District is a combination of surface lot parking, on-street parking and structured parking spaces. The off-street supply makes up nearly 90 percent of the total with the balance consisting of the on-street parking spaces, mainly one and two-hour time limited. About 45 percent of all on-street spaces have painted stall markings designating each space. Sixty percent of the one and two-hour spaces are individually designated. All on-street parking is free as well as the first two hours in the Main Street Garage and the Wayne Street Garage with the first 15 minutes free in the Leighton Garage. After the free period, all three City-owned garages have hourly rates to a daily maximum of $5.00 and monthly rates of $45.00. A reserved space in one of the three parking garages is just $55.00 per month (+$10.00). All three City garages are free after 6:00 pm and all day on weekends except for special events. The parking supply within the Central Business District totals just under 6,900 spaces which is nearly evenly split to the best practice proportion of 50/50 public versus private supply. Forty-five percent is publicly provided meaning 55 percent of the parking spaces within the CBD are privately owned and restricted spaces. When the proportion of private parking exceeds fifty percent, it becomes more difficult for patrons to park once and walk to multiple destinations, since private property owners generally want patrons to move their vehicles when their business is concluded to make room for the next customer. As Table 3 below shows 3,052 spaces are “publicly” available while 3,806 are privately provided. It should be noted that “public parking” under Rich’s definition means parking that can be used regardless of destination. Under this definition the Coyne Garage, which is privately owned, allows anyone to park there for a fee. Conversely, under this definition, the parking associated with the Library is considered “private” since it is only intended for use while someone is visiting the library. Table 3 - Summary Parking Supply Public Parking Private Parking TOTAL
On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street 858 2,194 0 3,806 858 6,000 3,052 3,806 6,858
44.5% 55.5% 100.0% Map 2 on page 10 details the on-street parking supply while Map 3 on page 11 shows the off-street parking spaces. Tables detailing the on street and off-street parking inventories are in the appendix of the report.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 10
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 11
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 12
Land Use Based on data found on the St. Joseph County Assessor’s website, within the Central Business District, the total building square footage1 totals 3,404,439 square feet of which nearly 2.8 million square feet is currently occupied equal to about 82 percent occupancy. Additionally, within the CBD zone, there are 189 residential units and 265 hotel rooms2. Table 4 - Land Use Summary
Land Use Square Footage / Residential Units / Hotel Rooms3 General Office 1,969,592 General Retail 153,363 Basement (Office/Retail) 102,317 Bank 54,314 Auto Service 8,570 Light Warehouse/Manufacturing 72,680 Hospitality 24,255 Independent Office 74,533 Restaurant/Food Service 93,250 Medical Office 10,629 Special Use* 233,042 Sub-Total 2,796,545 Vacant 607,894 Total Square Footage 3,404,439 Residential Units 189 Hotel Rooms 265 * Special Use includes what the Assessor defines as “Theater” space (Large gathering) in churches and event centers where much of this is unused during “typical” daytime hours. Also included with “Special Use” is the Health Club at the Memorial Healthplex. Ratio – Parking Supply to Land Use Comparing the total parking supply within the CBD (6,858 spaces) to the total amount of building square footage (3,404,439) means that 2.01 parking spaces are available for every one thousand square feet of building area. (6,858 ÷ 3,404 = 2.01). When factored for just the occupied building space within the CBD per the table above, the ratio increases to 2.45 spaces provided for every one thousand square feet of occupied building area (2,796,545) (6,858 ÷ 2,796 = 2.45).
1 Excluding square footage associated with residential units and hotel rooms shown as individual dwelling units. 2 256 rooms at Hilton’s Doubletree and 9 rooms in a small bed and breakfast. 3 Source: St. Joseph County Assessor Website
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 13
Parking Utilization Analysis A critical element of the parking demand determination is to have some means of validating the parking generation rates developed that reflect parking conditions in the CBD of South Bend. Simply assigning parking requirements to various land uses without some means of verifying their accuracy can easily result in parking requirements that are either too high (meaning additional parking supply is developed that frequently sits empty) or too low meaning that there is constant frustration with being able to find a convenient appropriately timed and available parking space. For this reason, a parking utilization analysis was conducted to provide a reasonable measure of assessing CBD parking needs. In order to complete the parking utilization analysis, Rich and Associates defined a route that could be covered every two hours. Sixty-seven percent (4,577) of the 6,858 spaces were observed as part of the analysis4. On-Street Parking Utilization Analysis Figure 1 below demonstrates the occupancy results for the 804 observed (of 858 total) on street spaces within the CBD. On the selected survey date, the graph shows that only about one-half of the observed on street spaces were occupied during the peak hour.
Figure 1 – On-Street Occupancy – CBD Observed Table 5 on the following page details the on-street occupancy analysis results for the selected date. Map 4 on page 15 shows the daytime peak hour (10:00 am – 12:00 noon) occupancy results. Map 5 on page 16 shows the highest occupancy achieved on each observed block face regardless of what time it occurred. This is provided to demonstrate that there may be blocks that experience high occupancy that does not necessarily coincide with the overall peak hour observations. 4 The utilization ratio includes the City owned parking garages which came from a report providing the occupancy for each hour throughout the day for the selected survey date.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 14
Table 5- On-Street Occupancy Results
Block # Description Lot ID
# of spaces 8:00am - 10:00am % Occ
10:00am - 12:00pm % Occ
1:00pm - 3:00pm % Occ
3:00pm - 5:00pm % Occ
5:00pm - 7:00pm % Occ15D 2 hr on-street 7 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%16B 2 hr on-street 11 0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%18B 1 hr on-street 8 0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%18C 2 hr on-street 15 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%19B 1 hr on-street 16 3 19% 1 6% 4 25% 3 19% 1 6%19C 2 hr on-street 12 5 42%3 25%10 83%5 42%9 75%19D 1 hr on-street 13 1 8% 1 8% 3 23% 1 8% 4 31%20C 2 hr on-street 13 3 23% 6 46% 6 46% 6 46% 4 31%20D 1 hr on-street 13 0 0%3 23%2 15%2 15%6 46%28C 15 min on-street 4 0 0% 1 25% 1 25% 2 50% 2 50%29A 2 hr on-street 6 3 50% 3 50% 4 67% 2 33% 3 50%29B 2 hr on-street 33 29 88%26 79%29 88%22 67%21 64%29C 2 hr on-street 12 6 50% 7 58% 6 50% 8 67% 8 67%29D 1 hr/15 min on-street 5 0 0% 2 40% 8 160% 3 60% 5 100%30A 2 hr on-street 7 2 29%2 29%1 14%8 114%3 43%30B 2 hr on-street 18 2 11%2 11%4 22%4 22%6 33%30C 1 hr on-street 2 2 100% 3 150% 1 50% 1 50% 1 50%30C 15 min on-street 2 0 0% 0 0% 2 100% 3 150% 2 100%30D 1 hr on-street 8 2 25%5 63%6 75%2 25%2 25%31A on-street unsigned 12 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%31A-B on-street 10 6 60% 7 70% 2 20% 6 60% 4 40%31B 1 hr on-street 6 1 17%2 33%2 33%1 17%0 0%31C 2 hr on-street 7 5 71% 2 29% 3 43% 3 43% 0 0%31D on-street 10 3 30% 4 40% 6 60% 9 90% 4 40%32A 2 hr on-street 6 4 67%5 83%4 67%2 33%1 17%32A-B on-street 10 8 80% 7 70% 7 70% 6 60% 0 0%32B on-street combined 13 10 77% 8 62% 15 115% 12 92% 6 46%32C on-street combined 11 9 82%8 73%10 91%8 73%2 18%32D on-street 9 5 56%7 78%9 100%4 44%1 11%33A 1 hr on-street 7 5 71% 7 100% 5 71% 5 71% 2 29%33B Police on-street 10 4 40% 10 100% 8 80% 6 60% 5 50%33B 1 hr on-street 3 0 0%4 133%2 67%3 100%1 33%33C 1 hr on-street 13 10 77% 9 69% 12 92% 8 62% 8 62%33D HC 2 2 100% 2 100% 1 50% 2 100% 2 100%33D LZ 3 15 500%2 67%2 67%5 167%3 100%33D 1 hr on-street 12 8 67% 9 75% 8 67% 9 75% 3 25%34A 2 hr on-street 10 7 70% 10 100% 5 50% 7 70% 8 80%34B 2 hr on-street 24 22 92%22 92%24 100%18 75%22 92%34C 15 min on-street 1 0 0% 2 200% 0 0% 3 300% 2 200%34D 1/2 hr on-street 9 7 78% 8 89% 7 78% 7 78% 6 67%34D 1 hr on-street 4 0 0%3 75%3 75%3 75%0 0%35A on-street unsigned 4 5 125%4 100%6 150%3 75%0 0%35C 1 hr on-street 5 6 120% 5 100% 4 80% 4 80% 5 100%35D 2 hr on-street 31 25 81% 26 84% 26 84% 27 87% 27 87%39A 2 hr on-street 17 8 47%8 47%5 29%6 35%7 41%39C 2 hr on-street 6 2 33% 4 67% 3 50% 3 50% 4 67%39D 2 hr on-street 15 6 40% 8 53% 10 67% 8 53% 12 80%40 Police on-street 4 3 75%4 100%4 100%4 100%0 0%40A US Marshall 6 2 33% 2 33% 2 33% 0 0% 0 0%40A 1 hr on-street 6 0 0% 3 50% 3 50% 3 50% 5 83%40B 2 hr on-street 33 17 52%23 70%21 64%23 70%31 94%40C 1 hr on-street 7 2 29% 2 29% 3 43% 3 43% 3 43%41A 1 hr on-street 7 5 71% 3 43% 7 100% 4 57% 3 43%41B 1 hr on-street 7 0 0%4 57%2 29%3 43%1 14%41C 2 hr on-street 10 1 10% 4 40% 4 40% 4 40% 0 0%41D 1 hr on-street 10 10 100% 10 100% 10 100% 10 100% 3 30%42A 2 hr on-street 16 9 56%11 69%13 81%13 81%2 13%42B 1 hr/2 hr on-street 11 3 27%0 0%6 55%6 55%3 27%42C 2 hr on-street 12 5 42% 5 42% 5 42% 5 42% 0 0%42D going N. Williams Wayn & Jefferson 12 7 58% 3 25% 4 33% 4 33% 0 0%43A on-street unsigned 11 1 9%2 18%0 0%0 0%1 9%43B on-street unsigned 14 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%43C on-street combined 18 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%44A on-street unsigned 11 0 0%0 0%2 18%2 18%0 0%44B 1 hr on-street 12 0 0% 4 33% 2 17% 2 17% 3 25%44C on-street combined 12 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%44D 1 hr on-street 13 2 15%0 0%2 15%1 8%0 0%45D HC on-street 3 0 0% 0 0% 1 33% 1 33% 1 33%45D 1 hr on-street 6 0 0% 0 0% 1 17% 0 0% 4 67%45A 1 hr on-street 13 0 0%5 38%1 8%1 8%1 8%45B 2 hr on-street 29 2 7%5 17%11 38%5 17%5 17%45C 1 hr on-street 8 6 75% 7 88% 7 88% 5 63% 4 50%46A 2 hr on-street 9 1 11% 5 56% 5 56% 5 56% 1 11%46D 2 hr on-street 29 7 24% 11 38% 13 45% 10 34% 1 3%Totals 804 324 40% 371 46% 405 50% 364 45% 284 35%
South Bend Occupancy June 4th
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 15
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 16
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 17
Off-Street Parking Utilization Analysis Rich also observed the parking utilization in many off-street parking lots. In this case, 3,773 of the 6,000 total off-street spaces (63%) were observed as part of the analysis. Figure 2 demonstrates the results for the off-street parking supply observed showing the parking occupancy peaking slightly earlier (10:00 am – 12:00 noon) compared to the on-street results. At peak time, about 58 percent of the observed spaces were occupied.
Figure 2 – Off-Street Parking Occupancy Off-Street Public Parking The off- street parking results were further separated into just the publicly available spaces where 1,705 spaces of the 2,1945 total spaces (78%) were observed. The table and graph below show that at peak time about 78 percent of the observed public spaces were occupied. Table 6 – Public Parking Occupancy
5 As noted in the Parking Supply Table
Block # Description Lot ID # of spaces 8:00am - 10:00am % Occ 10:00am - 12:00pm % Occ 1:00pm - 3:00pm % Occ 3:00pm - 5:00pm % Occ 5:00pm - 7:00pm % Occ29Main Street Garage A-29 420 192 46%233 55%227 54%195 46%119 28%29 Woodward Ct.D/E-29 25 6 24%18 72%19 76%19 76%22 88%30 ABM lot C-30 44 12 27%28 64%30 68%28 64%19 43%34 Leighton Garage B-34 640 480 75%593 93%539 84%469 73%340 53%35 DTSB Pay lot C-35 51 34 67%43 84%39 76%39 76%11 22%39 Wayne St. Garage A-39 424 271 64%336 79%328 77%305 72%157 37%41 DSB Public lot $3.25 B-41 25 20 80%28 112%28 112%26 104%8 32%44 ABM Permit lot C-44 36 26 72%29 81%25 69%27 75%3 8%45 DTSB Hang tag lot C-45 40 8 20% 18 45% 15 38% 12 30% 5 13%Totals 1,705 1,049 62% 1,326 78% 1,250 73% 1,120 66% 684 40%
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 18
Figure 3 – Off-Street Public Parking Occupancy Off-Street Private Parking Similarly, many of the privately provided off-street parking spaces were observed for their utilization. These results showed that 884 spaces (42%) were occupied of the 2,068 spaces observed. There are 3,806 private off-street spaces in the CBD so the 2,068 spaces actually observed equals 54% of the total private supply. The private occupancy is shown by Table 7 and Figure 4. Table 7 – Private Lots - Parking Occupancy
Block # Description Lot ID # of spaces 8:00am - 10:00am % Occ 10:00am - 12:00pm % Occ 1:00pm - 3:00pm % Occ 3:00pm - 5:00pm % Occ 5:00pm - 7:00pm % Occ15NIPSCO lot C/E -15 107 73 68%70 65%68 64%61 57%17 16%16 5/3rd Bank lot D-16 23 3 13%11 48%8 35%8 35%4 17%16 First United Church A-16 83 15 18%31 37%11 13%11 13%8 10%20 Waterworks A/C-20 46 18 39%17 37%22 48%22 48%17 37%29 JMS lot C-29 32 11 34%26 81%17 53%13 41%9 28%29 Lake City Bank lot B-29 52 33 63%32 62%33 63%29 56%22 42%30 Sigan Grocery B-30 18 0 0%2 11%3 17%3 17%5 28%30 US Cellular lot D-30 16 3 19%4 25%6 38%7 44%6 38%30 PNC Bank lot F-30 12 0 0%6 50%6 50%6 50%7 58%30 Colfax Building lot A-30 79 23 29%51 65%48 61%42 53%40 51%30 PNC Bank lot E-30 11 2 18%5 45%2 18%2 18%1 9%34 TCU lot A-34 50 22 44%24 48%27 54%39 78%15 30%36 Century Center A-36 380 51 13%77 20%57 15%50 13%17 4%39 Key Bank B-39 26 15 58%16 62%17 65%17 65%13 50%
41
Holiday Proberties/Edward Jones lot C-41 41 24 59%31 76%32 78%34 83%16 39%41 Paragon lot D-41 77 17 22%33 43%27 35%27 35%11 14%44 SBC AT&T lot B-44 31 18 58%25 81%29 94%23 74%10 32%44 AT&T gated lot A-44 61 0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%0 0%45 Library lot A-45 68 0 0%24 35%31 46%23 34%21 31%46 Wells Fargo lot A-46 118 87 74%92 78%89 75%76 64%20 17%47 Fresenius A-47 172 54 31%46 27%51 30%51 30%26 15%48 Crowe Horwath A-48 537 228 42%237 44%220 41%203 38%41 8%
48 Glass, Crowe Building lot B-48 28 26 93% 24 86% 17 61% 17 61% 7 25%Totals 2,068 723 35% 884 43% 821 40% 764 37% 333 16%
South Bend Occupancy June 4th - Private Parking Only
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 19
Figure 4 – Off-Street Private Parking Occupancy Table 8 – Combined City Parking Garage Parking Garage Occupancy The combined occupancy results for the three City-owned parking garages (Main Street Garage, Wayne Street Garage and Leighton Garage) are also detailed as shown by Table 8. These results show that of the 1,484 total spaces in the three garages, a maximum of 1,201 (81%) were occupied during the peak hour of 11:00 am until 12:00 noon on the occupancy count date of Thursday, June 4, 2015. Data provided by the City showed that as of May 1, 2015 both the Leighton and Wayne Garages were more than 100% reserved while the Main Garage was more than 90 percent reserved. During the 11:00 am to 12:00 noon hour when all three garages individually experienced their highest occupancy, the Leighton Garage with 640 spaces and 641 reserved spaces was at 95% Occupancy (610 spaces). The Wayne Garage with 424 spaces and 435 reserved spaces was 82% occupied (346 occupied spaces). The Main Garage with 420 spaces of which 388 are reserved was at 58% occupancy (245 spaces occupied).
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 20
Figure 5 – Parking Garage Occupancy Table 9 - Summary Parking Garage Occupancy Results
Peak Hour Occupancy Off Street Parking Map 6 on page 21 demonstrates the occupancy of the off-street parking spaces during the 10:00 am to 12:00 noon peak hour observed. Within the CBD there are only a few locations where the parking occupancy exceeded 85% as shown by the Red values. Map 7 on page 22 shows the highest occupancy achieved in each off-street parking location studied as part of the utilization study. Unlike the on-street parking map, the off-street parking does not exhibit the same degree of parking areas that will experience a higher occupancy other than the overall peak hour. Rather, the peak occupancy achieved in many off-street parking areas is very similar to the level of occupancy achieved during the peak hour with only a few exceptions. The on-street spaces on the other hand, had many block faces with higher occupancies at other times of the day than were observed during the overall peak hour. The significance of this are areas that had low occupancy throughout the day that may provide opportunities to direct patrons to these locations through partnerships with the landowners.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 21
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 22
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 23
In order to adjust for the fact that just one day of counts were taken and thus there could be days with higher occupancy as well as the fact that not all spaces could be directly observed, Rich made an adjustment in the number of observed spaces occupied in order to try to demonstrate anticipated “peak” conditions. This adjustment had the total observed occupancy during each observation period increased by an assumed 25 percent. The observation schedule, results and the effect of these corrections are shown by Table 10 below. Table 10 - Parking Utilization Correction
Using the corrected occupancy rate (70.5%), applied to the total parking supply (6,858) then on a peak day, approximately 4,834 spaces or just over 70 percent of the CBD parking supply is expected to be occupied rather than the 3,868 spaces (6,858 x 56.4% = 3,868 occupied) based on the observed 56.4 percent occupancy rate. Using the occupied building square footage (2,800,000 square feet) this higher parking utilization rate (4,834 occupied spaces) equates to a parking occupancy rate of 1.73 spaces per 1,000 square feet of building area. The next step in the process is to calculate the parking requirements using the land use square footages as were shown in Table 4.
Total Observed Time of Observation 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM 10:00 AM - 12:00 Noon 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM 3:00 PM - 5:00 PM 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM804 On-Street 324 371 405 364 2843,773 Off-Street 1,772 2,210 2,071 1,884 1,0174,577 Total 2,096 2,581 2,476 2,248 1,301Pct Occupied 45.8% 56.4% 54.1% 49.1% 28.4%Occupancy with 25% Correction 2,620 3,226 3,095 2,810 1,626Corrected Occupancy 57.2% 70.5% 67.6% 61.4% 35.5%
6,858 3,926 4,834 4,637 4,210 2,43657.2% 70.5% 67.6% 61.4% 35.5%
If Corrected Occupancy Percentage Applied to all 6,858 Spaces Available
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 24
Calculated Parking Demand Using the square footage values as shown on page 12, Rich applied Parking Generation Rates to each of the various types of land uses appropriate to a “Shared Use Model”. What this means is that the parking demand rates will change throughout the day and therefore assume that the same parking spaces can be used by more than one use. The shared use concept assumes that, for example, offices and restaurants that have their peak parking needs occurring at different times of the day can both use many of the same parking spaces. This is because offices generally experience their highest demand during the daytime hours and restaurants in the evening after many office workers have left for the day. The expected peak parking utilization as was shown above would be 4,834 spaces based on the higher corrected observation values. Using factored peak hour parking generation rates applied to the occupied square footage for each type of land use, Rich’s model6 calculates the peak hour parking needs as 4,846 spaces. This is very close (0.3%) to the expected peak time value of 4,834 spaces derived from the observations of parking utilization. The graph also shows how the higher corrected values (+25%) from the observations shown by the red points and bars correspond with the other calculated values from Rich’s model shown by the blue line and data points.
Figure 6 – Observed vs. calculated parking need
6 The model uses periodic occupancy rates from the ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Shared Use Manual
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 25
Current Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply With calculated parking generation rates reasonably corresponding with observed conditions, the final step in the process is applying the parking generation rates by land use to the amount of each type of land use on each block to calculate the parking demand on each block within the study area. This calculated parking demand by block can then be compared to the parking supply on each block to determine where there are parking surpluses and deficiencies. Two values are shown for the parking surplus / deficit calculation on each block. The initial value reflects the “Gross Surplus or Deficit” while the second value reflects the “Net Surplus or Deficit”. The Gross Surplus or Deficit simply subtracts the total calculated parking demand from the total parking supply for each block. The net surplus / deficit calculation seeks a more realistic assessment of parking demand versus parking supply. In order to calculate the net surplus or deficit, the demand is compared first against the private supply following the assumption that a privately owned lot associated with a business is likely to be more convenient to a destination and free, thus making it the first choice. If the demand exceeds the private supply, then the public supply is included. If the total parking demand on the block is less than the private supply, the surplus private spaces are “thrown out” and the surplus becomes just the public supply. This concept assumes the typical patrons experience that if there are “surplus” privately designated spaces (following Rich’s definition as noted on page 9 regarding public and private parking) that the surplus spaces are not available to anyone else. Although there may be spaces available in a private lot, signage (or other means) will prevent someone from using one of these spaces unless that business is their intended destination. This means that the net parking surplus or deficit calculation will be more in line with the patron’s experience. This information is shown by Table 11 on the following page and Map 8 on page 27. For the CBD zone the table shows that the Gross Surplus of 2,012 spaces becomes a more realistic 513 spaces using the Net Surplus / Deficit basis once the surplus private spaces are discounted from the calculation.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 26
Table 11 - Current Surplus / (Deficit) Calculation by Block CBD
Private
Block TOTAL Demand Total Supply
Gross Surplus / (Deficit)Private Supply Public Supply
Net Surplus / (Deficit)Off-Street Off-Street On-Street6 130 247 117 225 22 22 225 0 228 6 0 (6)0 0 (6)0 0 014 88 44 (44)33 11 (44)33 0 1115 39 266 227 238 28 28 238 0 2816 107 166 59 148 18 18 148 0 1817 7 0 (7)0 0 (7)0 0 018 0 157 157 134 23 23 134 0 2319 146 57 (89)15 42 (89)15 0 4220 89 138 49 108 30 30 108 0 3028 788 499 (289)495 4 (289)495 0 429 221 586 365 84 502 365 84 445 5730 119 217 98 136 81 81 136 44 3731 38 109 71 74 35 35 74 0 3532 182 162 (20)131 31 (20)131 0 3133 684 52 (632)0 52 (632)0 0 5234 208 738 530 50 688 530 50 640 4835 267 151 (116)7 144 (116)7 105 3936 86 390 304 380 10 10 380 0 1039 253 487 234 26 461 234 26 424 3740 378 490 112 0 490 112 0 435 5541 78 277 199 218 59 59 218 25 3442 75 146 71 95 51 51 95 0 5143 4 121 117 72 49 49 72 0 4944 154 176 22 92 84 22 92 36 4845 197 251 54 152 99 54 152 40 5946 201 194 (7)156 38 (7)156 0 3847 62 172 110 172 0 0 172 0 048 241 565 324 565 0 0 565 0 0Total 4,846 6,858 2,012 3,806 3,052 513 3,806 2,194 858
Public
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 27
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 28
Future Parking Needs – CBD Introduction Within both the CBD zone and the East Bank zone, new developments or building renovations are planned. Plans for future developments within the Ballpark zone are more speculative other than an anticipated development is likely to be able to provide for its needs on-site. In the case of the CBD and East Bank zones, future developments result in the parking supply increasing by more than the amount by which the future parking demand is increased. This results in the gross surplus increasing in both districts. The parking demand from these future developments were determined by applying the existing calculated parking generation rates to the amount of land use anticipated for each development. Any parking spaces expected to be added or lost in conjunction with the development are also factored into the surplus or deficit calculations for the future conditions. Future Parking Demand – CBD Three blocks within the CBD will have additional demand created beyond the current condition. These are noted below. The Hotel project associated with the Hall of Fame site will eliminate a net 41 existing spaces and thus result in both increased demand while decreasing the supply on that site. The conversion of the JMS building from office to residential use will actually decrease the parking demand on that block by 80 spaces from 221 spaces currently down to 141 spaces in the future after the conversion. Block Project Description 20 Hoffman Hotel 48 Residential Units LaSalle Hotel 67 Residential Units + 11,450 sf of Retail Gain of 46 spaces from construction staging area for two buildings. 29 JMS Building 56 Residential Units + 7,000 sf Ground Floor Retail
30 Chase Tower Garage Gain of 250 spaces in garage
35
Hall of Fame – 120 Hotel Rooms + 56,000 sf in HOF as Hospitality Services plus net loss of 41 spaces (22 north of pay lot and net of 19 from pay lot based on 51 spaces lost but replaced with 32 hotel spaces) Surplus / Deficit – Future CBD Application of the conditions noted above results in the total parking demand within the CBD increasing by 153 spaces. At the same time, the parking supply increases by 255 spaces once the new hotel is built, the area around the Hoffman and LaSalle Hotels is reclaimed and the parking associated with the Chase Tower becomes available in conjunction with the re-occupancy of that building. The Gross Surplus increases from 2,012 spaces to 2,114 while the “Net Surplus” decreases from 513 spaces currently to 384± spaces projected for the future. This information is detailed in Table12 below and Map 9 on page 30.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 29
Table 12 – Future CBD Surplus / (Deficit) Summary by Block with New Developments
Private
Block TOTAL Demand Total Supply
Gross Surplus / (Deficit)Private Supply Public Supply
Net Surplus / (Deficit)Off-Street Off-Street On-Street6 130 247 117 225 22 22 225 0 228 6 0 (6)0 0 (6)0 0 014 88 44 (44)33 11 (44)33 0 1115 39 266 227 238 28 28 238 0 2816 107 166 59 148 18 18 148 0 1817 7 0 (7)0 0 (7)0 0 018 0 157 157 134 23 23 134 0 2319 146 57 (89)15 42 (89)15 0 4220 191 184 (7)154 30 (7)154 0 3028 788 499 (289)495 4 (289)495 0 429 141 586 445 84 502 445 84 445 5730 119 467 348 386 81 81 386 44 3731 38 109 71 74 35 35 74 0 3532 182 162 (20)131 31 (20)131 0 3133 684 52 (632)0 52 (632)0 0 5234 208 738 530 50 688 530 50 640 4835 398 110 (288)39 71 (288)39 32 3936 86 390 304 380 10 10 380 0 1039 253 487 234 26 461 234 26 424 3740 378 490 112 0 490 112 0 435 5541 78 277 199 218 59 59 218 25 3442 75 146 71 95 51 51 95 0 5143 4 121 117 72 49 49 72 0 4944 154 176 22 92 84 22 92 36 4845 197 251 54 152 99 54 152 40 5946 201 194 (7)156 38 (7)156 0 3847 62 172 110 172 0 0 172 0 048 241 565 324 565 0 0 565 0 0TOTAL 4,999 7,113 2,114 4,134 2,979 384 4,134 2,121 858
Public
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 30
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 31
These values do not include any additional demand from the renovation and re-occupancy of the Chase Tower Building nor the re-occupancy of any other vacant space within the downtown. Because it is unknown how fast this space may become re-occupied, a table has been prepared to demonstrate the parking conditions noted above as well as with various proportions of the vacant space downtown re-occupied. Rich has calculated the anticipated additional demand for the vacant space (based on its anticipated use (office, retail, restaurant etc.) using the appropriate parking generation rates to derive Table 13 below. The majority of the vacant space (315,000 sf) is in the Chase Tower Building. In determining the parking needs for the Chase Tower, most of the square footage value is not used. Hotel and Residential parking needs are calculated based on x number of spaces per hotel room or x number of spaces per residential dwelling unit. This building is anticipated to be renovated with ground floor restaurant and retail space (10,700 sf) plus 183 hotel rooms and 83 residential units on the upper floors. Table 13 shows that, for example, were 50 percent of the 98,000 square feet of vacant space within the CBD to be re-occupied plus about half of the Chase Tower residential units and hotel rooms occupied that the entire CBD would be at an effective parking occupancy of 72% with 379± likely public spaces still available. Table 13- Projected Surplus with proposed development projects and alternative vacant space re-occupancy
Table 13 above shows the overall surplus gross and net surplus for the CBD area with the various levels of vacant space re-occupied. The more important values are the blocks where there may be deficits that cannot be satisfied with available parking on other nearby or adjacent blocks. In order to demonstrate blocks with deficits due to the combination of new developments and nearby re-occupied space, additional tables and maps have been prepared to demonstrate the impact with 50 percent of the vacant space re-occupied (Table 14 and Map 10) and with as much as 90 percent re-occupied (Table 15 and Map 11).
Current Future* 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Total Demand 4,846 4,999 5,022 5,045 5,068 5,103 5,139 5,174 5,210 5,246 5,282Total Supply 6,858 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113 7,113Gross Surplus / (Deficit) 2,012 2,114 2,091 2,068 2,045 2,010 1,974 1,939 1,903 1,867 1,831Effective Parking Occ 71% 70% 71% 71% 71% 72% 72% 73% 73% 74% 74%
Net Surplus / (Deficit)513 384 383 382 381 380 379 378 376 375 374
Percentage of 97,995 Vacant Square Feet Occupied
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 32
Table 14 - CBD Surplus / (Deficit) by Block with 50% of Vacant Space Re-Occupied
Private
Block TOTAL Demand Total Supply
Gross Surplus / (Deficit)Private Supply Public Supply
Net Surplus / (Deficit)Off-Street Off-Street On-Street6 131 247 116 225 22 22 225 0 228 9 0 (9)0 0 (9)0 0 014 88 44 (44)33 11 (44)33 0 1115 39 266 227 238 28 28 238 0 2816 107 166 59 148 18 18 148 0 1817 7 0 (7)0 0 (7)0 0 018 0 157 157 134 23 23 134 0 2319 146 57 (89)15 42 (89)15 0 4220 191 184 (7)154 30 (7)154 0 3028 788 499 (289)495 4 (289)495 0 429 141 586 445 84 502 445 84 445 5730 213 467 254 386 81 81 386 44 3731 38 109 71 74 35 35 74 0 3532 182 162 (20)131 31 (20)131 0 3133 684 52 (632)0 52 (632)0 0 5234 208 738 530 50 688 530 50 640 4835 398 110 (288)39 71 (288)39 32 3936 86 390 304 380 10 10 380 0 1039 253 487 234 26 461 234 26 424 3740 378 490 112 0 490 112 0 435 5541 102 277 175 218 59 59 218 25 3442 75 146 71 95 51 51 95 0 5143 4 121 117 72 49 49 72 0 4944 154 176 22 92 84 22 92 36 4845 200 251 51 152 99 51 152 40 5946 201 194 (7)156 38 (7)156 0 3847 77 172 95 172 0 0 172 0 048 241 565 324 565 0 0 565 0 0TOTAL 5,139 7,113 1,974 4,134 2,979 379 4,134 2,121 858
Public
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 33
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 34
Table 15 - CBD Surplus / (Deficit) by Block with 90% of Vacant Space Re-Occupied
Private
Block TOTAL Demand Total Supply
Gross Surplus / (Deficit)Private Supply Public Supply
Net Surplus / (Deficit)Off-Street Off-Street On-Street6 132 247 115 225 22 22 225 0 228 11 0 (11)0 0 (11)0 0 014 88 44 (44)33 11 (44)33 0 1115 39 266 227 238 28 28 238 0 2816 107 166 59 148 18 18 148 0 1817 7 0 (7)0 0 (7)0 0 018 0 157 157 134 23 23 134 0 2319 146 57 (89)15 42 (89)15 0 4220 191 184 (7)154 30 (7)154 0 3028 788 499 (289)495 4 (289)495 0 429 141 586 445 84 502 445 84 445 5730 287 467 180 386 81 81 386 44 3731 38 109 71 74 35 35 74 0 3532 182 162 (20)131 31 (20)131 0 3133 684 52 (632)0 52 (632)0 0 5234 208 738 530 50 688 530 50 640 4835 398 110 (288)39 71 (288)39 32 3936 86 390 304 380 10 10 380 0 1039 253 487 234 26 461 234 26 424 3740 378 490 112 0 490 112 0 435 5541 153 277 124 218 59 59 218 25 3442 75 146 71 95 51 51 95 0 5143 4 121 117 72 49 49 72 0 4944 154 176 22 92 84 22 92 36 4845 202 251 49 152 99 49 152 40 5946 201 194 (7)156 38 (7)156 0 3847 88 172 84 172 0 0 172 0 048 241 565 324 565 0 0 565 0 0TOTAL 5,282 7,113 1,831 4,134 2,979 374 4,134 2,121 858
Public
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 35
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 36
Handicap (Barrier-Free) Parking Analysis Another issue that the City asked to be investigated was the provision of handicap accessible (barrier-free) parking within the public parking areas. The American’s with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that handicap accessible spaces be provided per the following schedule. Scoping [4.1.2(5)] Accessible spaces are required for visitor and employee lots according to the number provided in each lot. On sites with multiple lots, this number is still calculated lot-by-lot, even where accessible spaces required for one lot are located in another. Standard spaces must have an access aisle at least 5 feet wide, while those that provide van access must have an access aisle at least 8 feet wide. Table 16 – ADA Parking Requirements by Parking Area Size Minimum Number of Accessible Parking Spaces Lot Total Standard Spaces Van Spaces Total Accessible 1 - 25 0 1 1 26 - 50 1 1 2 51- 75 2 1 3 76 - 100 3 1 4 101 - 150 4 1 5 151 - 200 5 1 6 201 - 300 6 1 7 301 - 400 7 1 8 401 - 500 7 2 9 501 - 550 9 2 11 551 - 600 10 2 12 601 - 650 11 2 13 651 - 700 12 2 14 701 - 750 13 2 15 751 - 800 14 2 16 801 - 850 14 3 17 851 - 900 15 3 18 901 - 950 16 3 19 951 - 1000 17 3 20 1001 - 1100 18 3 21 1101 - 1200 19 2 22 1201 - 1300 20 3 23 1301 - 1400 21 3 24 1401 - 1500 21 4 25
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 37
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Total Req Provided + / -29 A A-29 Main Street Garage PUB 412 8 420 9 8 (1)29 D D-29 Alley Lot (LZ until 12 Noon) PUB 10 10 1 0 (1)29 E E-29 Alley Lot PUB 15 15 1 0 (1)30 C C-30 City Lot (ABM - $4.00 Flat Rate) PUB 44 44 2 0 (2)34 B B-34 City Leighton Garage PUB 614 26 640 13 26 1335 A A-35 Parking surrounding HOF (2 Hrs) PUB 47 47 2 0 (2)35 C C-35 City Lot ($5.00 pay by space_ PUB 48 3 51 3 3 039 A A-39 Wayne Garage PUB 406 18 424 9 18 940 A A-40 Coyne Garage PUB 435 ?44 C C-44 ABM Permit Lot PUB 36 36 2 0 (2)45 C C-45 DTSB Hang Tag Lot PUB 38 2 40 2 2 0
-- 2,105 57 44 57 13
South Bend CBD - Off Street Parking
Note: Since spaces can share aisles, two van spaces can be provided instead of one without any space impact. The number of spaces provided in the various publicly available off-street parking areas is detailed by Table 17 below. This table shows that while “overall” the number of handicap accessible spaces being provided exceeds the requirements, there are several locations where the number of handicap accessible spaces may be insufficient. However, because the law does allow the provision of spaces “along a more accessible path” the total number of spaces may be sufficient (see Location and Dispersion 4.6.2) on following page. This argument may be acceptable for the locations where none of the required spaces are provided but in the Main Street Garage, the fact that most but not all the required spaces are located there, Rich is of the opinion that the City should add the additional required space. The law also dictates that if spaces are provided for outpatients (such as the lower level of the Leighton Garage) that the requirement is 10 percent of the designated spaces unless the spaces are designated for those with mobility-related conditions7 in which case the requirement is 20 percent. Data provided by Downtown South Bend, Inc. indicated that there are 220 spaces in the lower level of the garage. These spaces are used by the patients of the Memorial Healthplex Physical Therapy Services (and per them) shared with the office building across the corridor also located in the Healthplex. Therefore, it is unclear how many spaces are actually intended for patients as it is this number of which 20 percent of the designated spaces for these patients may be required to be barrier-free. Data provided by Downtown South Bend Inc. shows that 8 barrier-free spaces are provided in the lower level of the Leighton Garage while the total number provided in the garage is 26 spaces. Table 17 – ADA Parking Requirements Parking Area
Facilities Specializing in Services for Persons with Mobility Impairments7 The 20% scoping applies to facilities or units that specialize in providing services to people with "mobility impairments," which may include: 7https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/113-ada-standards/background/adaag/422-a-guide-to-adaag-provisions#Accessible
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 38
conditions requiring the use or assistance of a brace, cane, crutch, prosthetic device, wheelchair, or powered mobility aid arthritic, neurological, or orthopedic conditions that severely limit one's ability to walk respiratory diseases and other conditions which may require the use of portable oxygen cardiac conditions that impose significant functional limitations Examples include spinal cord injury treatment centers, prosthetic and orthotic retail establishments, and vocational rehabilitation centers for persons with mobility impairments. This provision does not apply to facilities that provide but do not specialize in these services, such as general rehabilitative counseling or physical therapy centers. In determining whether a facility is subject to this requirement, both the nature of the services or treatment provided and the population served should be considered. Location [4.6.2] and Dispersion Accessible spaces required for one lot can be located in another where equal or greater access is achieved. For example, spaces for an outlying lot can be placed in a lot closer to the building served since accessible spaces must be located on the shortest accessible route to an accessible facility entrance. Recommendation: Accessible routes that cross vehicular ways should be marked as a crossing. Since people who use wheelchairs may not be as visible from a vehicle, it is recommended that accessible routes be configured to prevent or minimize wheelchair travel behind parked vehicles. Accessible parking must be dispersed at buildings with multiple accessible entrances (especially important at large facilities such as malls and airports) and should be dispersed among multiple buildings on the same site even where lots are shared. In the case of strip shopping centers, however, accessible spaces are not required at each tenancy entrance, but should be dispersed to minimize travel distances.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 39
SECTION 3 – ANALYSIS – EAST BANK ZONE Introduction Rich conducted a separate analysis for the East Bank area of downtown South Bend. The included blocks for this area totals just 11 blocks and less than 400,000 square feet of building area. This section discusses the existing conditions as well as the anticipated future needs given several proposed residential and commercial developments planned for the East Bank. Results – East Bank (EB) Parking Supply - East Bank Zone The parking supply serving the East Bank consists of several privately owned and operated surface lots and un-timed on-street parking. The only publicly available parking lots8 in the East Bank is the lot associated with Seitz Park at the St. Joseph River and Washington Street and one half of the lot north of the Emporium. Together the two lots total just 32 public spaces. On-Street parking within the East Bank, like the CBD, is also free but unlike the CBD there are no time limits (1 hour, 2 hours) like many on-street spaces in the CBD. This is likely due to the currently limited commercial activity in the East Bank. The supply of publicly available parking in the East Bank is just 25 percent and if the 6 spaces at Seitz Park are excluded because of their inconvenience to commercial uses, the percentage of public parking is just 24 percent. This will need to be increased as commercial activity increases in the East Bank in order to foster a walkable commercial area. Table 18 – Summary Parking Supply- East Bank Public Parking Private Parking TOTAL
On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street 290 32 0 993 290 1,025
322 993 1,315
24.5% 75.5% 100.0% Map 12 shows the on and off-street parking supply for the East Bank. Tables detailing the on-street and off-street parking inventories are included in the Appendix of the report.
8 Following Rich’s definition of public parking as noted on page 9
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 40
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 41
Land Use Based on data found on the St. Joseph County Assessor’s website, within the East Bank District, the total building square footage totals just under 378,000 square feet, most of which is currently occupied. There are also 55 residential units (39 of which are in one development and 10 in another) in the East Bank. Table 19 – Land Use Allocation – East Bank
Land Use Square Footage / Residential Units General Office 272,984 General Retail 32,724 Auto Service 5,301 Light Warehouse/Manufacturing 13,440 Restaurant/Food Service 20,527 Medical Office 26,695 Special Use* 2,400 Sub-Total 374,071 Vacant 3,540 Total Square Footage 377,611 Residential Units 55 * Special Use includes what the Assessor defines as “Theater” space (Large gathering) in event centers where much of this is unused during “typical” daytime hours Ratio – Parking Supply to Land Use (East Bank) The ratio of provided parking spaces to total building square footage is much higher in the East Bank (3.48 spaces per 1,000 square feet of building area) compared to the CBD (2.01) Parking Utilization Analysis – East Bank As part of the parking utilization analysis conducted for the CBD, part of the turnover and occupancy route included lots and on-street spaces in the East Bank. The utilization analysis was completed on Thursday June 4, 2015 between 8:00 am and 7:00 pm. Of the 1,315 on and off-street spaces in the East Bank, 749 spaces (57%) were analyzed. This included 524 of 1,025 off-street spaces and 225 of 290 on-street spaces.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 42
At peak time in the East Bank district (1:00 pm to 3:00 pm), 42% (311 spaces) of the 749 observed spaces were occupied. On-Street Parking Utilization Analysis Figure 7 demonstrates the low utilization (33%) of the on-street spaces in the East Bank. With limited retail in the East Bank, the larger entities in the East Bank have private off-street parking intended to accommodate many of their staff and visitors. Figure 7 – On Street Parking Utilization (Observed) Off-Street Parking Utilization – East Bank Unlike the CBD, virtually all off-street parking is privately controlled, meaning it is only intended for use by the staff and/or visitors to a particular destination. The only publicly available parking is the parking at Seitz Park and the lot north of the Emporium. The Seitz Park Lot, due to its location, is likely to only be used by park visitors and not visitors to the commercial businesses in the East Bank district. This leaves the north half of lot north of the Emporium as the only off-street public parking in the East Bank.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 43
Figure 8 - Off Street Parking Utilization (observed) The analysis of the off-street parking occupancy showed that at peak time just 45% (236) of the 524 analyzed spaces were occupied. The results of the occupancy analysis are also demonstrated by the two maps on pages 44 and 45. Map 13 demonstrates the peak hour occupancy for the East Bank zone while Map 14 shows the highest occupancy achieved in each observed on-street or off-street parking area.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 44
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 45
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 46
Just as with the assessment of the parking utilization for the CBD zone, it seems prudent to adjust the observed values. This is to account for just the one day of observations and incomplete analysis of all parking spaces within the East Bank zone. As before, an assumed adjustment of 25 percent of the observed utilization was added on during each observation period. The observation schedule, results and the effect of these corrections are shown by Table 20 below. Table 20 - Parking Utilization Correction
As can be seen, with this adjustment, the peak occupancy increases from 41.5 percent to 52 percent during the 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm time period. Using the adjusted observed values as a benchmark, Rich then applied parking generation rates for each type of land use using the Shared Use Model that resulted in values approximating the projected occupancy rates. The results of this task are demonstrated by Figure 9 on the following page. Using the model, the peak calculated need was 714± spaces between about 11:00 am and 12:00 noon, which compares to the extrapolated observed need of 696 spaces (obtained by smoothing the line between observations). The 714± spaces needed as calculated equates to 1.89 spaces occupied per 1,000 square feet of building area within the East Bank. As with the CBD model, there is a reasonably good correlation between the calculated values and the extrapolated observed values.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 47
Figure 9 – Observed vs. Calculated Need (East Bank) Current Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply With the parking generation rates reasonably established these were applied to the land use square footage on each block and the parking demand by block determined. Just as in the CBD, the gross and net surplus or deficit of parking was determined by calculating the parking demand against the private supply initially on each block. The Gross Surplus / Deficit calculated the total demand against the total parking supply. For the Net Surplus Basis, as before, if the private supply exceeded the calculated parking demand, the surplus would be just the publicly available spaces when calculating the net deficit. Table 21, on the following page, shows that currently, the East Bank zone has Gross Surplus of 599± spaces with two blocks having minor deficits. This information is also demonstrated by Map 15 on page 49. The net surplus is reduced to 258± spaces after eliminating the surplus private spaces, which are only available if that business is your destination. This reflects a more realistic assessment of the parking needs.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 48
Table 21 - East Bank Surplus / Deficit by Block (Current Condition)
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 49
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 50
Future Parking Demand – East Bank As of the date of this report, there are three known projects planned for the East Bank that will be a combination of residential and commercial space. All three developments include a parking component (likely for residents) which will minimize the impact on the parking on other nearby blocks from resident parking. The three proposed developments include: Table 22 - Known East Bank Development Projects East Bank Flats (Block 21) - 18 Residential Units + 2,000 sf (Assumed) of Retail Space Plus 31 Parking Spaces
Colfax at Hill - (Block 24) - 16 Residential Units + 4,800 sf of Retail Space Plus 16 Parking Spaces
River Race Flats (Block 37) - 32 Residential Units + 8,000 sf of Retail Space & 9,000 sf of 2nd Floor Office Space Plus 30 Parking Spaces Because of the impact of the additional parking spaces added, the gross surplus increases from 599± spaces to 603± spaces. This is because although the total parking demand within the East Bank zone increases from a calculated peak hour need of 716 for the current condition to 789 spaces needed (+73 spaces) during the peak hour in the future as a result of the new developments, the parking supply is anticipated to increase by 77 spaces. Table 23 - East Bank Surplus / Deficit by Block (Future Condition) Private Public
Block TOTAL Demand Total Supply
Gross Surplus / (Deficit) Private Supply Public Supply
Net Surplus / (Deficit)
Off-Street Parking
On-Street Parking
Off-Street Parking 11 4 103 99 68 35 35 68 35 0 12 26 116 90 65 51 51 65 51 0 21 53 110 57 97 13 13 97 13 0 22 257 248 (9) 238 10 (9) 238 10 0 23 54 114 60 106 8 8 106 8 0 24 48 74 26 55 19 19 55 19 0 25 35 158 123 109 49 49 109 49 0 26 106 123 17 98 25 17 98 25 0 27 28 62 34 10 52 34 10 0 52 37 74 193 119 139 54 54 139 54 0 38 103 91 (12) 65 26 (12) 65 26 0 Total 789 1,392 603 1,050 342 258 1,050 290 52
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 51
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 52
SECTION 4 – BALLPARK ZONE Introduction As with the CBD and East Bank districts, Rich conducted a separate analysis for the Ballpark area of downtown South Bend. While the area appears much less dense compared to the CBD, the ratio of parking spaces to building area is virtually identical to the CBD at 1.96 parking spaces provided per 1,000 square feet of building area (excluding the ballpark) compared to 2.01 in the CBD. However, more than 50 percent of the existing building area (excluding the ballpark) is vacant. When the number of parking spaces is compared against the “occupied building area” the ratio of parking spaces to building area increases significantly to 4.01 spaces provided per 1,000 square feet of building area. Results – Ballpark (BP) Parking Supply - Ballpark Zone The off-street parking supply serving the Ballpark zone consists of just two publicly available parking lots (totaling just 87 spaces) and 486± privately controlled spaces. In addition, there are 207± on-street spaces. Just 81± of these have a two-hour time limit with the balance carrying no time restriction. Table 24 summarizes the Ballpark zone parking supply. The table shows that the majority of parking within the Ballpark zone is privately controlled (62%). Map 17 shows the parking supply for the ballpark area. The detailed on and off-street parking supply for the Ballpark zone is shown in the Appendix of the report. Table 24 - Parking Supply Summary (Ballpark Zone) Public Parking Private Parking TOTAL
On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street On-Street Off-Street 207 87 0 486 207 573 294 486 780
38.0% 62.0% 100.0%
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 53
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 54
Land Use Based on data found on the St. Joseph County Assessor’s website, within the Ballpark area, the total building square footage totals just under 400,000 square feet, approximately 195,000 gross square feet of which is currently occupied. Included in the vacant space is office and light warehouse space from the Post Office mail processing facility (although the post office portion is still showed as occupied). Table 25 – Land Use Allocation – Ballpark Zone
Land Use Square Footage / Residential Units General Office 93,227 General Retail 43,096 General Retail (Basement) 10,886 Auto Service 9,612 Light Warehouse/Manufacturing 0 Restaurant/Food Service 2,244 Special Use* 35,410 Sub-Total 194,475 Vacant 202,941 Total Square Footage 397,416 Residential Units 38 * Special Use includes what the Assessor defines as “Theater” space (Large gathering) in event centers where much of this is unused during “typical” daytime hours Parking Utilization Analysis – Ballpark Area Blocks near the ballpark were also included in the utilization analysis conducted on June 4, 2015. Approximately one-half (52%) or 299 of 573 off-street parking spaces were included in the occupancy analysis. A slightly higher proportion (59%) 123 of 207 on-street spaces were also analyzed. Peak occupancy for both on-street and off-street parking within this area occurred relatively late in the day. The off-street peak occurred between 3:00 and 5:00 pm at just 30 percent while the on-street parking peak occurred during the final circuit after 5:00 pm when 34 percent of the observed spaces were occupied. Early arriving patrons or employees of the ballpark may influence these values as there was a ballgame scheduled for the evening on the selected date. The results of the on-street and off-street occupancy analysis are demonstrated by Figure 10 and Figure 11 on the following page.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 55
Figure 10 – Off-street Parking Utilization (observed)
Figure 11 – On-Street Parking Utilization (observed) Map 18 on the following page shows the parking utilization for the combined on and off-street parking supply in the vicinity of the ballpark.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 56
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 57
As was performed for both the CBD and East Bank Districts, in order to begin to assess the appropriate level of parking demand, it is necessary to adjust the observed occupancy to allow for both peak day observations and correct for those spaces that were not directly observed. As Table 26 demonstrates, overall peak occupancy occurred during the 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm circuit in the ballpark area when 24 percent (103) of the 422 observed spaces were occupied. Following the assumption applied in both the CBD and East Bank areas that the adjusted occupancy to account for “peak day” values should have the observed results increased by about 25 percent would result in an expected occupancy of nearly 31 percent or 129 of the 422 observed spaces. Applying this percentage occupancy to all 780 spaces in the ballpark zone, would result in peak hour occupancy of 238 spaces. Similar adjustments during the other observation periods (8:00 – 10:00, 10:00 – Noon,1:00 – 3:00 etc.) result in adjusted values ranging from 155 occupied spaces to 227 occupied spaces expected. Table 26 - Parking Utilization Correction With the “expected” occupancy values established, the next step in the process is to calculate the parking needs using the building square footage in the ballpark zone and determine the appropriate parking generation rates that reflect this level of activity, similar to the process in both the CBD and East Bank District. As Figure 12 on the following page demonstrates, after adjusting the observed occupancy to the expected occupancy and then applying the shared use parking demand model, calculated values can be quantified that correlate very well with the observed conditions as adjusted.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 58
Figure 12 – Observed vs. Calculated Needs (Ballpark Zone) Current Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply As Figure 12 above shows, parking generation rates applied to the building square footage as quantified for the ballpark zone results in a parking demand model that corresponds very well with the observed conditions. This graph also shows that peak demand occurs at around 4:00 pm, with a peak nearly approaching this at 11:00 am. Using the shared use parking generation rates at 4:00 pm shows that the peak parking demand is 243± spaces. Comparing this peak parking demand against the public and private parking supply by block allows for the determination of gross and net surpluses and deficit both by block and on total basis. Table 27, on the following page, shows that two blocks (blocks 55 & 57) have small deficits on both the gross and net basis9. This information is also shown by Map 19 on page 60 Overall, the ballpark zone has a current net surplus of nearly 300± spaces given the level of vacant square footage in the area.
9 Refer to page 25 for discussion of Gross and Net surplus/deficit.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 59
Table 27 – Current Surplus / Deficit by Block (Ballpark Zone)
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 60
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 61
Future Parking Demand vs. Parking Supply The only development known at this point anticipated to occur within the Ballpark Zone, would be on land north of the ballpark. However, it is also expected that this development will be able to provide for its parking needs on site without negatively impacting nearby properties. Additionally, re-occupancy of the more than 200,000 gross square feet of vacant space (much of which is contained with the Post Office Site with nearly 120,000 gross square feet) at the average parking generation rate (1.25) could mean an additional 250 spaces required within the Ballpark Zone, which would almost entirely eliminate the existing net surplus (294) for the zone.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 62
SECTION 5 – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Rich also asked for information on the parking system financial condition going back over the past three years. This information is shown by Table 28 on the following page. Rich analyzed both revenue and expense data after factoring out extraordinary one-time income data (such as the Rebate Program in 2013 and the Energy Reimbursement rebate in 2014) as well as appropriately factoring for “typical annual expenses” (again factoring out extraordinary expenses). With this, the table shows that the parking system generated more than $500 per space per year in revenue and incurred about $350.00 per space per year in expenses. This means that the parking system is producing net income averaging more than $300,000 per year or about $180.00 per space, excluding debt service payments on the garages. At this point, the annual “surplus” income is sufficient to pay the remaining annual debt service on the Leighton Garage ($100,000 due in December 2015) and the $200,000 due for the next five years on the Main and Colfax Garage (Main Street Garage) at which point all three garages will be paid off. The expenses do not include any allocations or set-asides for long-term maintenance that presumably should there be a need for such cost would have to be paid out of existing income, deferred or paid by the City’s General Fund. At current rates, existing income is sufficient to just cover existing operating expenses and the debt service remaining on the two garages. As expenses rise, income will likely be insufficient to cover the operating expenses. Revenue increases for the period 2012 through 2014 show that revenues have increased on average 1.8% during this period while expenses have increased, on average 2.1%. This further suggests the need to periodically increase parking rates in order to maintain a sustainable parking system. Having surplus income is necessary to invest in additional parking as well as to provide for future replacement of existing facilities such as the Main Street Garage, which is expected to require replacement within 10 years. A stable, financially viable parking system is critical to the long-term success of the downtown by ensuring that sufficient parking can be provided to meet the needs of staff and visitors to the area.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 63
Table 28 – Summary Revenues / Expenses (2012-2014)
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 64
Parking Rates Currently all on-street parking in South Bend is free but is limited to one or two hours. Patrons are charged to park in the parking structures but with the first two hours free in both the Main and Wayne Street Garages. The first 15-minutes are free in the Leighton Garage. Several other parking lots owned by the City and managed by Downtown South Bend are also paid (at $5.00 per day) as well as several other privately owned lots managed by Ampco Parking System. Within the parking structure, patrons have the option of purchasing a reserved or non-reserved space. Current rates are $45.00 for a non-reserved space in any of the three garages and $55.00 for a reserved space. As of May 1, 2015, the Leighton and Wayne Street garages were both more than 100 percent reserved while the Main Street Garage was about 90 percent reserved. At the current rates, a reserved parking space is only generating $2.50 per day ($55.00 ÷ 22 days / month) whether it is occupied or not. Because the space is reserved to be available for use by the permit holder(s) at virtually any time during a weekday, it cannot be sold to a transient parking patron. A non-reserved stall can be sold to both a monthly patron and transient patron. A non-reserved space generates a minimum of $2.05 per day ($45.00 ÷ 22 days / month) plus any transient revenue earned. This is because if not occupied by a monthly patron, it can be occupied by a transient patron. If each vehicle using this space stays less than the free-parking period, it generates no additional income. However, if a vehicle stays beyond the free-parking period, it generates additional revenue of at least several dollars per day exceeding what a reserved space generates. For this reason, a reserved stall should have a fee amount that at least equals if not exceeds the potential revenue that can be generated by a non-reserved space because of the lost opportunity for additional income generation. The actual reserved space premium is dependent on the utilization of the non-reserved spaces (how many transient patrons staying beyond the free-parking period will use the facility), how long they stay and thus the ticket average and the potential oversell of the non-reserved spaces. This concept is demonstrated by Table 29 on the following page. This shows, for example, that if 30 percent of the spaces in the Main Street Garage (126 spaces) were non-reserved and priced at the current rate of $45.00, these spaces would generate $68,000 in annual income. Because they are not reserved, there is the potential for a transient patron to use these spaces if not occupied all day by monthly permit holders. This example assumes that 25 percent of these spaces will be available at some time during the day and used by, in this example, 32 patrons who stay beyond the free two-hour period, generating a ticket average of $3.00. This generates an additional $25,000 per year equivalent to each non-reserved space earning $61.76 per month (at a 1.00 oversell rate). Therefore, a reserved space priced at just $55.00 per month is earning less than it should compared to a non-reserved stall and should be priced at least $61.76 per month assuming current rates. If the number of transient uses was increased such that 50 patrons per day were using available spaces, the equivalent cost for a reserved stall would increase to $71.00 If the price for a non-reserved space was increased to $55.00 then the price for a reserved space would increase to at least $71.76 assuming 32 additional transient patrons per day to as much as $81.00 assuming 50 transient patrons per day.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 65
Monthly Garage Capacity 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420Pct Allocated (Non-Rsv/Rsv)30% 30% 30% 30%70% 70% 70% 70%Number of Spaces 126 126 126 126 294 294 294 294Oversell1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Number of Permits 126 132 139 145 294 294 294 294Rate$45.00 $45.00 $45.00 $45.00 $61.76 $63.90 $66.40 $68.55Monthly Revenue / Permit $5,670 $5,940 $6,255 $6,525 $18,157 $18,787 $19,522 $20,154Months 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12Annual Revenue Monthlies $68,040 $71,280 $75,060 $78,300 $217,889 $225,439 $234,259 $241,844Transients+Spaces 126 126 126 126Turnover 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Cars / Day 32 32 32 32Transient Ticket Average $3.00 $3.00 $3.00 $3.00Transient $ / Day $96.00 $96.00 $96.00 $96.00Weekdays / Month 22 22 22 22Revenue / Month $2,112 $2,112 $2,112 $2,112Months 12 12 12 12Annual Revenue $25,344 $25,344 $25,344 $25,344CombinedTotal Revenue $93,384 $96,624 $100,404 $103,644Spaces 126 126 126 126Annual Revenue / Space $741.14 $766.86 $796.86 $822.57Months 12 12 12 12Revenue / Space / Month $61.76 $63.90 $66.40 $68.55
Main Street Garage
Reserved SpacesNon-Reserved Spaces
Table 29 – Non-Reserved vs. Reserved Space Pricing Model
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 66
Parking Rates Other Cities As part of the analysis, parking rates in other cities and towns have been investigated for comparison purposes. Table 30 – Parking Rates Other Cities
Rates for garage parking in Bloomington (for both non-reserved and reserved spaces) are generally higher than current rates in South Bend. In the case of Lafayette, even an unreserved space is significantly more expensive than the rates presently charged in South Bend. Even in a larger city like Ft. Wayne, the monthly rates in the parking garages are comparable to Bloomington and Lafayette which again places them higher than current South Bend monthly rates.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 67
Parking Citations Part of the utilization analysis conducted on June 4, 2015, Rich and Associates recorded partial license plate information for the blocks along Michigan Street between Western and Colfax. This was to collect average stay and violation information. Along each block face, the number of different vehicles was obtained from the data and how long vehicles were staying. With a two-hour limit and circuits conducted every two hours, a vehicle should not be observed more than once in any parking space, which for the most part was the condition. As shown in Table 31, only 6% of vehicles appeared to be violating the general two-hour limit of these spaces. An overtime violation rate not exceeding five percent is generally considered acceptable. This totaled about 35 vehicles which is consistent with the average number of citations written per day as averaged from Figure 13 below (720 citations per month on average ÷ 22 days per month = 33 citations per day. Figure 13 - Number of Parking Citations by Month (Nov 2011 – March 2015)
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 68
Table 31 – On-Street Violation Rate (Michigan Street)
Number of Times Same Car Observed in Same Space
Violation
Turnover Block Face Spaces Cars Counted Violations
% Violations (Cars) 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 3.81 29B 31 118 10 8.5% 108 9 1 0 0 4.30 34B 23 99 5 5.1% 94 5 3.15 40B 33 104 11 10.6% 93 11 0.83 45B 29 24 4 16.7% 20 4 1.45 46D 29 42 0 0.0% 42 2.80 39D 15 42 0 0.0% 42 4.03 35D 31 125 5 4.0% 120 4 1 2.90 Total 191 554 35 6.3% 519 33 2 0 0 Parking Enforcement A critical element of any parking system is enforcement. Without this, Rich has seen frequent occasions where the most convenient on-street spaces are occupied by downtown employees parking for extended periods, to the detriment of customers and visitors. With each on-street parking space worth approximately $30,000 per year in sales, the economic impact from employees or others parking for long periods is evident. There are, in fact, two elements of enforcement. The first element is the issuing of citations against habitual offenders with the second part being the actual collection on these citations. If the parking system does not monitor on-street time limits and cite offenders for abusing these regulations, offenders will continue to abuse the use of the most convenient spaces. Similarly, if the parking system does not collect on issued citations and there are no serious repercussions (such as increasing fines) from ignoring them, the cost to the parking system is increased with no corresponding offset of the enforcement costs with the same result that the parking system regulations and time limits will be abused. As shown in Figure 13 above, Rich requested historical data on the number of parking citations issued and collected. During the period November 2011 through March of 2015, provided data showed an average of about 720 citations issued per month. A more detailed analysis Rich conducted on issued and collected citations based on data provided by the City for the period from January 2014 through August of 2015 showed very close to this average number of citations issued. The data during the analyzed period had 15,179 citations issued for an average of 758 citations issued per month. These citations carried initial fines totaling $204,000 from a combination of overtime and other types of violations as well as handicap violations. Of all these violations approximately $112,000 was paid (55%) either within the 14-day grace period or eventually in addition to late fees. Citations that are not paid within 14 days have a late charge ($10.00) attached to them. Of the 15,179 citations issued, 7,954 were not paid within the 14-day period and therefore were assessed the $10.00 late fee. Only 1,875 of the 7,954 violations with late fees were paid (24%), which generated $32,271. Overall, the system collected about
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 69
50% of the amount owed after factoring the initial violation amount plus late charges ($144,592 of $283,620). Given the number of citations written and paid, increasing the collection rate to about 60 percent would increase parking system revenue by approximately $25,500 annually. At a 70 percent collection rate, the additional income would be $54,000 while if 80 percent of the current number of violations written could be collected, the added revenue would total about $82,000 annually at the same number of citations written. Table 32 – Violation Summary
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 70
Parking Fine Rates Other Cities Rich has also analyzed the fine schedule in several other cities. Ft Wayne Indiana Overtime parking at a meter is a $10.00 citation. Violators have 30 days to pay after which time, the fine doubles to $20.00 Lafayette, Indiana Overtime parking is a $35.00 citation Yellow Curb, Motorcycle Only, Blocking Drive or Sidewalk or more than 12” from curb are all $40.00 Parking in a tow away or loading zone $50.00 Violators have 14 days to pay after which the fines double Bloomington, Indiana Most parking violations in Bloomington including overtime, no parking zones, yellow curb etc. are $20.00 violations. Violators have seven calendar days to pay after which the fines automatically double to $40.00 Table 33 – Comparison of Overtime Fines/Penalties
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 71
SECTION 6 – RECOMMENDATIONS
Signage Continue Program (if in process) of identifying public parking facilities Implement program to develop family of signs (Direction, Identification, Wayfinding)
Parking Durations Convert specified 1-hour spaces to two hours Consider making certain 2-hour spaces west of Lafayette long-term parking (8 hours) or issue permits for staff to park in two hour spaces
Pricing
Raise non-reserved Permit Rates to $55.00 Increase Reserved Permit Rates to be 50% higher than non-reserved permit. If reserving specific stall, rates may need to be even higher. Increase Rates on 3-year schedule Designate added funds to parking improvements
Maintenance Implement monthly maintenance review of all garages, lots and on-street spaces for necessary repairs
Enforcement
Continue to increase fines if not paid in 14 days If not paid after 30 days, Fines and Penalty doubles Vehicles with multiple infractions if found can be booted and/or towed Use Indiana Statute that allows vehicles with 3 parking violations to have vehicle registration suspended
Future Parking
When time comes, rebuild Main Street Garage on existing site Make agreements with affected private lot owners for use of their parking lots During period of reconstruction, arrange to use surplus spaces at Century Center and Crowe Horwath Consider use of Shuttle bus to move patrons from remote lot to near Main Street Garage site
Marketing
Have Ambassadors go door to door to individual businesses to hand out information cards directing them to website and answer questions. Continue Ambassador’s effort. Excellent source of information and assistance to community Develop Marketing program to promote Bicycle Use, in conjunction with DTSB Bike Rack Program Seek to have City designated as bicycle friendly community
Miscellaneous
Ensure integrity of crosswalks, particularly along Michigan Street where cars used crosswalk space as parking stall. Tow vehicles improperly parked in these spaces Parallel on-street spaces that are currently unmarked should have stall markings painted on Work with business community to have private lots available during off-hours (nights and weekends) for either general public use or by employees of specific businesses.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 72
DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS As a result of the parking analysis conducted for the City of South Bend which evaluated the parking supply and demand covering the CBD area, East Bank and Ballpark Zones, Rich and Associates have developed a series of recommendations intended to enhance the parking experience of visitors and downtown employees to each of these areas. These recommendations are intended to help the City use the existing parking as efficiently as possible. The recommendations developed encompass the following categories Signage Time Limits Pricing Maintenance Enforcement Future Parking Needs Marketing Bicycles Miscellaneous o Crosswalks o Stall Markings o Use of Private Spaces (off-hours) 1. Signage Proper parking signage is a critical element in a well-run parking system. Providing direction to appropriate parking locations for persons unfamiliar with the area, information on time limits, costs, enforcement periods and improper parking locations are just a few of the functions of the signage. Parking signs must be easily seen, clearly understood and consistent in their message in order to function well. Parking signs should have a distinct and consistent color and logo. The parking signage in Downtown South Bend can best be described as a work-in-progress. There are existing sign elements that follow recommended best practices such as the signage on the Leighton Garage which has a consistent logo and clear signs indicating public parking that is easily seen.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 73
Contrast this with the signs on the Main Street Garage which has the Parking logo very high up on the facility which is not consistent with the Leighton Garage logo. Presumably, this is in the process of being changed. However, another issue with the Main Street Garage is the public parking sign on the northwest corner of the building that is angled and is not easily seen from Main Street. Other signs indicating public parking are on the face of the garage and do not stand out like the sign on the Leighton Garage. This placement and orientation may not give enough time for someone in the right lane traveling southbound on Main Street to get into the left lane to access the garage. Other elements that already exist that fit into best practices include the pedestrian wayfinding sign such as the example below on Michigan Street. Signs such as these help orient pedestrians to major destinations and back to parking.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 74
A signage program that is consistent with Best Practices will have certain elements. The family of signs that Rich recommends include: Direction Signs: Direction Signs are an important element that will help orient drivers to publicly avaialble parking. These should be critically placed far enough in advance of decision points to allow drivers to maneuver into the proper lane and/or to instruct the driver to either turn or continue ahead to direct them to the parking. These signs are also mounted above roadways or on poles at standard heights. The sign in the photo below appears to indicate a parking garage ahead but is of inconsistent color and logo. Identification Signs All public parking facilities should have a name which is placed on the sign at the entry to each. In addition to the name of the lot, information regarding the type of parking available, (whether permit or short-term), hours of enforcement with a consistent color and logo should be displayed. Naming the lot helps someone calling for assistance (dead battery, flat tire etc) identify where they are located and to navigate back to the lot at the conclusion of their visit.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 75
The sign below has the consistent logo but appears to be small and not oriented so that someone can see the sign before turning into the lot. Vehicle & Pedestrian Wayfinding Like the pedestrian wayfinding signs, vehicle wayfinding signs are placed at critical points to direct drivers to particular destinations within the downtown (County-City Building, Library, Parking, Commercial District etc). These signs should be of a consistent color and logo to other signs in the program but must be clear to understand with letter sizes and contrast that are easy to see from the driver’s perspective. Recommendations – Signage A. Continue program (if in process) of clearly identifying public parking facilities. B. Name all public parking areas and post on identification signs at entrances C. Implement program of Introductory and Direction signs to accustom and direct drivers to available public parking Cost: The cost for the recommended Signage package will vary depending on the type of sign, design and number of signs. An estimate for a signage package for South Bend would be in the range of $50,000-$100,000.
Time Frame: Begin the process of evaluating appropriate signage locations immediately. Locations can be selected with high priority signs implemented over the next six months with lower priority signs scheduled over the next several years as budgets allow.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 76
2. Parking Duration Limits Within the Central Business District there are 858± on-street spaces of which about 25 percent are marked as 1-Hour spaces. On-street spaces within the East Bank Zone have no time limits while 60 percent of the spaces in the Ballpark Zone have no time limits with most of the balance limited to 2 hours. These recommendations therefore are primarily focused for the CBD. However, having a two-hour limit is generally recommended for on-street parking. This encourages turnover but is not so short as to limit someone’s ability to complete his or her visit. One-hour parking may be appropriate only in certain areas. Results from the customer/visitor surveys indicated an average stay of 2 hours and 49 minutes with just 16 percent indicating that their average stay was 1 hour. Rich analyzed the utilization of the one-hour spaces from the turnover and occupancy study and found that the peak hour utilization was only 39 percent of these spaces occupied. Even this may be skewed as there was a significant trial at the time of the parking utilization analysis going on in the St Joseph County Courthouse on Main Street on Block 33 (evident by the number of news crews). The newsworthiness of this trial may have resulted in the higher occupancy of the one-hour spaces along Lafayette Street than what normally would be encountered. Recommendation – Parking Duration Limits A. Consider changing one-hour spaces to two hours. Streets where this change should be particularly considered include; Wayne Street between Main and Michigan, Jefferson between Main Street and St. Joseph and Western Avenue between Main Street and Michigan Street. These spaces are convenient enough to the commercial district along Michigan Street that if increased to two hours may provide additional viable parking for patrons. B. In addition to the priority changes noted above, consider changing one-hour spaces along Lafayette and Main Streets to two-hours. However, extending the time limit may require a period of increased enforcement to discourage use by County and City Staff and/or provision of alternative locations for County and City employees to park to discourage their use by these staff members, who may simply have to come out less frequently to move their car. One alternative would be to extend many of the 2-hour spaces west of Lafayette to 8 to 10 hour spaces. This may encourage and provide employees with a viable alternative to move from the closer in spaces where they would have to move their car every 2 hours to spaces where they could park once and know that they would not be cited. In the area west of Lafayette between Colfax and Western there are approximately 150 two-hour spaces that conceivably could be converted to
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 77
longer-term parking. The majority of these spaces are within a two-block walk of the County-City Building. C. An alternative to converting the two hour spaces to longer term and in order to manage the use of the on-street spaces west of Lafayette so as to not be detrimental to businesses located there, the City could issue permits to City or County staff that would allow them to park in two-hour spaces. By limiting the number of permits, the use of the spaces could be controlled. Cost: - Conversion to longer term parking would be the cost for change of signs. If 2- hour time limit was maintained, but employees permitted to use, would be cost of printing and issuing of permits. Time Frame – 3 to 6 months 3. Permit Pricing Information provided by the City shows that the current monthly fee for parking in one of the three City-owned garages is $45.00. The cost for a reserved space is just $10.00 more. The last rate increase was in 2008 whereby both reserved and non-reserved spaces were increased by $5.00. Assuming 22 workdays per month, a non-reserved space in a City owned garage is costing just $2.05 per day while a reserved stall goes for just $2.50 per day. The provision of reserved parking must be considered in the context that it limits the opportunity to oversell a parking facility because presumably someone having a reserved space expects access to that parking at all times. Data provided as of May 1, 2015 showed both the Leighton and Wayne Garages were more than 100% reserved while the Main Street Garage was 90 percent reserved. The occupancy of the three garages (coinciding with the turnover and occupancy study date) showed them to be a combined 81 percent occupied at peak time with the Leighton Garage at 93 percent peak occupancy, the Main Street Garage at 55 percent occupancy and the Wayne Street Garage at 79 percent occupancy. This indicates that both the Main and Wayne Street garages have the potential to accommodate additional parking patrons. However, the high reserved rates may discourage some transient or potential monthly parkers from using the garage due to previous bad experiences whereby they could not find an available space despite driving past numerous vacant reserved spaces. In terms of rate increases most patrons will more easily accept a series of smaller rate increases every few years (for example. $5.00 every 3 years) rather than significant rate increases on a longer time schedule (for example $20.00 to $25.00 after 10 years). Patrons are also more accepting of rate increases if they see that the additional money is used to improve the facilities. This means that maintenance must reflect clean, inviting facilities with lighting repaired as needed, functioning equipment, trash removed, stairwells and elevators maintained and clean. Recommendations – Pricing A. Raise the rates for non-reserved parking spaces by $10.00 per month to $55.00. B. Implement a schedule of rate increases every 3 years C. Increase the price for a reserved space in a defined area (not individual space) to be at least 50 percent higher ($75.00 at this time) than a non-reserved space.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 78
D. Reserving a specific parking stall should have an even higher premium. E. Make sure that additional funds are dedicated to parking F. Provide information (signs, flyers etc.) that informs monthly patrons where the money is being spent. (i.e. “Your parking fees at work”) Cost: Change of signs in garages. Time Frame: 3 Months 4. Maintenance Some of the issues with the parking garages have been due to deferring maintenance. As noted above, patrons will be more accepting of parking rate increases if they see that the funds are spent on the improvement of the parking system. All parking facilities (surface lots and structures) should have a monthly walkthrough looking for maintenance issues, which are then noted on a checklist. Items that can be easily addressed such as light fixtures out, damaged signs, painting issues, should be noted and corrected before the next monthly walk through. Items to look for in surface lots are potholes in the parking surface (creating tripping hazards), broken parking stall blocks, faded stall markings etc., that should be noted and corrective actions taken. Other items, particularly in the garages, that may involve repairs that are more extensive should be noted and appropriate budgeting made to correct them. Recommendations – Maintenance A. Develop Parking Garage and Parking Lot maintenance checklist B. Conduct monthly walkthrough of each noting items needing attention C. Allocate $50.00 per space per year for each parking garage space for long-term maintenance issues into a sinking fund D. Allocate $10.00 per space per year for surface lot spaces to cover long-term maintenance issue (resurfacing, lighting replacement etc.) Costs: To be determined Time Frame: 1 – 3 Months 5. Enforcement Enforcement of parking regulations is a necessary element of the parking system. Patrons must realize that long-term parking in short-term spaces is not permitted and is in fact detrimental to the businesses that rely upon on-street parking for their customers. The intent of enforcement is not to enhance revenue through fines but to ensure that habitual offenders are discouraged from abusing the parking limits. As such, enforcement must be consistent and objective when issuing citations. Potential issues of offending the parking patron who innocently overstays the time limit (particularly when meters are not present on the streets which may encourage patrons to be more mindful of their time) can be addressed by issuance of a “courtesy ticket”. This is generally used for a patron who has not received a ticket within a predefined time-period (for example the last six months). It thanks them for visiting South Bend and
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 79
shows them where longer term parking is located. A patron who receives a second violation would pay the established fine. Along with the issuing of parking citations, there must be means of tracking offenders and ensuring that the fines are in fact collected. Offenders who feel that although a citation has been issued but that there are no repercussions from not paying will ignore the tickets and continue to abuse the parking system regulations. Analysis of citation data provided by the City shows that between January 2014 and August 2015, the City issued approximately 15,200 parking citations totaling $204,000. Of these, approximately 8,000 (53%) were eventually paid generating $144,600 in fines and late fees ($14.61 per paid citation). At a more reasonable collection rate (60 percent to 80 percent), the additional revenue would total between $25,000 and $82,000 higher or $170,000 to $226,000 in fine revenue. Analysis of the existing ordinance shows that a late fee (in the case of overtime parking for example) will be assessed if the fine is not paid within fourteen days. Beyond this, a notice will be sent to the owner of the vehicle informing them of the violation and the penalty ($10.00 original fine plus $10.00 late fee). Ignoring this notice for a period of five days presumably results in a complaint for ordinance violation being filed which has penalties of up to $2,500. From the provided data, it is not clear if ordinance violations are being filed for failure to pay parking citations.
Sec. 20-18. - Answering notice on overtime parking; payment of fine.
The owner or operator who has been notified of a violation of the parking regulations as herein provided, may, within fourteen (14) days after being notified, answer at the office of the Ordinance Violation Bureau to the charge of such violation as set forth in such notice and pay a prescribed fee of ten dollars ($10.00) in settlement of the offense or charge, or twenty dollars ($20.00) after the expiration of fourteen (14) days. An acceptance of the payment of the fee and the authority by the Clerk shall be deemed complete satisfaction for the violation and the violator shall be given a receipt which so states.
(Ord. No. 5399-72, § 1; Ord. No. 7657-86, § 1; Ord. No. 8139-90, § 1; Ord. No. 8662-96, § I; Ord. No. 9455-03, § I)
Sec. 20-19. - Failure to comply with notice; owner's responsibility; penalties.
(a) Whenever any person who has been issued a notice as provided in section 20-17, fails or refuses to appear within fourteen (14) days after service of such notice at the Ordinance Violations Bureau or having appeared fails or refuses to pay the Clerk the fee in settlement of the charge and violation, then the Ordinance Violations Bureau shall send to the owner of the motor vehicle to which the notice was affixed a notice informing him of the violation and informing him of the penalty prescribed under section 20-18 for which he will be held responsible. In the event such notice is disregarded for a period of five (5) days a complaint for ordinance violation will be filed. (b) If it is necessary to issue a complaint for ordinance violation the person named therein shall, upon conviction, be subject to the penalties prescribed in Section 1-23 of this Code. (Ord. No. 8179-91, § 5; Ord. No. 8662-96, § I)
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 80
If the notices of ordinance violations are not being filed and if the penalties for ignoring parking citations do not increase after fourteen days, there is little incentive to pay parking fines. There appears to be no provision for booting or impounding vehicles found to be in violation with unpaid citations, nor cooperation with the State of Indiana to prevent vehicle registration. The recommendations provided below are intended to help the City collect on parking violations. Failure to collect on violations means an inefficient use of enforcement staff writing citations. Again, the intent of the enforcement process is to encourage compliance with the parking rules and regulations. Recommendations – Enforcement A. Increase the penalties for failure to pay parking fines. After fourteen days, the fine should double (as it does now). Fines remaining unpaid after 30 days should increase again, doubling the initial penalty. This would mean a $10.00 parking violation will cost $40.00 if ignored. B. The City should enact an ordinance that vehicles with three or more unpaid parking citations, if found again may be booted and/or towed. This would mean payment of the outstanding fines, plus payment of a boot and/or towing fee. C. Indiana has a process whereby unpaid parking citations (three or more) can result in suspension of the vehicle registration. (Indiana code Title 9, Article 30 Chapter 11, referenced below). The City should avail themselves of this procedure to collect on unpaid violations. Cost: Undetermined. May need to upgrade software for tracking violators. Time Frame: 3 – 6 months (ordinance revisions may be required)
Ind. Code § 9-30-11-3: Indiana Code - Section 9-30-11-3: Notification of Suspension
If it appears from the records of a court that has jurisdiction to enforce ordinances that regulate parking violations that three (3) judgments concerning a motor vehicle have not been paid before the deadlines established by a statute, an ordinance, or a court order, the clerk of the court shall send a notice to the person who is the registered owner of the motor vehicle. The notice must inform the person of the following: (1) That the clerk will send a referral to the bureau if the judgments are not paid within thirty (30) days after a notice was mailed. (2) That the referral will result in the suspension of the motor vehicle's registration if the judgments are not paid.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 81
Ind. Code § 9-30-11-4: Indiana Code - Section 9-30-11-4: Referral to bureau regarding unpaid judgments; contents
A clerk may send a referral to the bureau if the judgments are not paid not later than thirty (30) days after a notice was mailed. The referral must include the following: (1) Any information known or available to the clerk concerning the following of the motor vehicle: (A) The license plate number and year of registration. (B) The name of the owner. (2) The date on which each of the violations occurred. (3) The law enforcement agencies responsible for the parking citations. (4) The date when the notice required under section 3 of this chapter was mailed. (5) The seal of the clerk.
Ind. Code § 9-30-11-5: Indiana Code - Section 9-30-11-5: Suspension of registration upon receipt of referral
If the bureau receives a referral under section 4 of this chapter, the bureau shall suspend the registration of the motor vehicle and mail a notice to the person in whose name the vehicle is registered that does the following: (1) Informs the person that the motor vehicle's registration has been suspended and the reason for the suspension. (2) Informs the person that if the judgments are not paid within fifteen (15) days, the motor vehicle's license plates will be removed by a law enforcement officer. (3) Explains what the person is required to do to have the registration reinstated.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 82
6. Future Parking Needs (Garage Replacement) Providing a strategy for addressing parking needs during the period that the Main Street Garage is replaced was one of the critical elements to be addressed by the parking study. At the study outset, the expected period was that this would need to occur within the next five years. Updated information provided by the City has suggested that this will not need to occur for at least 10 years. There are two issues regarding the future parking needs and the potential replacement of the existing Main Street Garage. First is whether the facility should be replaced and if so, where. The second question is accommodating patron parking needs while the garage is potentially out of service. Analysis of future parking needs show that the blocks north of block 29 (the block containing the Main Street Garage) one has a very minor surplus while the other has a nearly 100 space deficit. Blocks to the east are projected to have significant parking deficits. The block directly east across Michigan has the 256- room Doubletree Hotel and the 300,000 sf First Source Bank building. Just south of that (on the site of the former College Football Hall of Fame) is a planned Hotel facility with limited parking adding to the deficit on this block. The block to the South has calculated surplus capacity but largely because this block contains the 640-space Leighton Garage. Because the blocks surrounding the Main Street Garage have projected shortfalls, the reconstruction of the parking garage on the existing site is recommended. This leads to the second issue of accommodating the needs during the period that the Main Street Garage is out of service. In either case, planning for such long lead time occurrences, can create difficulty because parking lots, facilities or available parking spaces that are currently underutilized, may not be by the time the Main Street facility needs replacement. However, the strategy suggested now may be applicable with replacement of the suggested facilities or in the worst case, looking outside the immediate downtown area for possible alternatives. At this time, there are nearly 650 spaces available between the Century Center Convention Complex and underutilized parking spaces in the Crowe Horwath lot. While spaces at the Century Center Complex may be needed by large events, these should be infrequent enough that the spaces should be available most of the time during the workweek. The number of available spaces in the Crowe Horwath lot may be subject to future staffing levels in this building. Recommendations – Future Parking Needs A. Rebuild the Main Street Garage on the existing site. The capacity should be at least equivalent to the existing size (420 spaces). The blocks between Jefferson and LaSalle and from Lafayette to St. Joseph have a combined projected deficit (assuming the Main Street Garage is replaced with 420 spaces) of 150± spaces. This suggests the possibility to increase the size of the garage to accommodate additional County-City staff. B. In order to use private lots, it will be necessary to make agreements with the private owners that will detail the number and location of spaces used. C. Prior to closing the Main Street Garage for demolition / reconstruction, begin issuing permits (window stickers or mirror hang tags) to monthly parking patrons that will permit them to park in designated areas of either the Century Center lot or Crowe Horwath Lot. Use of the parking permits are intended to control the number of parking patrons so that the use of these lots by
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 83
“outside patrons” is not detrimental to the needs of Crowe Horwath and their staff or necessary needs of the Century Center. D. Consider providing shuttle service (at least during the colder months) between the alternative parking locations and a shuttle stop at Washington and Main Street. The shuttle service could operate during the early morning and late afternoon (for example 6:30 – 9:00 am and 3:30 to 6:00 pm). E. If insufficient capacity is not available in these lots, consider possibilities near the ballpark. Cost: Estimated Cost to operate Shuttle bus for one year is $40,000 assuming one bus. Time Frame: Permits issued beginning one month prior to garage closure 7. Marketing Downtown South Bend already does a very good job marketing the parking. The web page for Downtown South Bend has PARKING as a prominent button. Clicking on this gives a map of the parking areas and costs. The web page (under the Business Resources Link) has information regarding the Downtown Ambassadors. Ambassadors will provide escort services or vehicle assistance (dead battery, flat tire etc.). The ambassadors also carry maps and information regarding Downtown South Bend events for distribution. In terms of enhancing bicycle use, DTSB in partnership with the City has developed a downtown Bike Rack Program, which will offer free bike racks to businesses within the CBD. Marketing Bicycle Ridership Federal law provides tax incentives to bike to work which are explained by The League of American Cyclists, http://www.bikeleague.org/news/100708faq.php. There are several communities throughout the U.S. that participate in National “Ride Your Bike to Work Day/Month” in May. Information can be found through the League of American Bicyclists www.bikeleague.org. Source of possible grant funding through Bikes Belong Coalition, http://bikesbelong.org. Pedestrian and Bicycling Information center is a helpful link that offers advice on funding and marketing bicycling in downtowns. http://www.bicyclinginfo.org. “Communities that are bicycle-friendly are seen as places with a high quality of life. This often translates into increased property values, business growth and increased tourism. Bicycle-friendly communities are places where people feel safe and comfortable riding their bikes for fun, fitness, and transportation. With more people bicycling, communities experience reduced traffic demands, improved air quality and greater physical fitness” www.bicyclefriendlycommunity.org. Recommendation – Marketing/Bicycle Ridership A. Information regarding parking options and the bicycle rack program needs to be better communicated to business owners. During the stakeholder meetings there were things about parking that business owners did not know. Recommend have Ambassadors go door to door to each business and hand out information cards informing them of the website and answer any questions.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 84
B. Continue the Downtown Ambassadors program. This is a great opportunity to market the parking and assist patrons to downtown South Bend. In our experience, this is one of the better run operations. C. Develop a marketing program to promote bicycle use as an alternative to driving. Aim to achieve the designation as a “Bicycle Friendly Community” recognized by the League of American Bicyclists to assist in this program. Host a special event to promote bicycle ridership in a City-wide effort to use alternative modes of transportation. This will in turn cut down on the number of parking spaces needed D. Develop a marketing program to promote bicycle use as an alternative to driving. Along with this, aim to achieve the designation as a “Bicycle Friendly Community” Cost: $300-$500 initially and then wrap into cost of annual marketing. Action Time: a) Promote bicycle use – 0-3 years. b) Aim to achieve designation as “Bicycle Friendly Community” – 3-10 years. 8. Miscellaneous There are several other recommended changes to improve the parking situation in Downtown South Bend. A. Crosswalks- Noted along Michigan there are several mid-block crosswalks. Vehicles were observed parked in these locations. Signs should be posted that this is not permitted and vehicles if found will be immediately towed. B. Many parallel on-street spaces are defined by stall markings with other locations undefined. Locations with defined and undefined stall markings are noted on the On-Street Parking Supply Map included with the Parking Study Report. Block faces without defined stall markings should have them painted as budgets permit. Additionally, all on-street spaces with stall markings should be observed as part of the maintenance schedule and stalls re-painted as needed. C. Use of Private Spaces. All the parking in a downtown should be considered part of a “System”. While private entities have a right and expectation that their spaces should be for their customers and staff during their peak hours, few have need for these spaces 24/7. In a parking system, the City should work with these entities to allow either general public use during off-hours or arrange that staff of certain businesses can park in the lots during off-hours. This can be extremely helpful for restaurant staff, many who may not arrive until evening hours or on weekends to park in nearby private lots that do not have need for the full capacity at these times. This has the benefit of using available parking to its fullest and freeing up on-street spaces that could be used by customers rather than being used by restaurant staff who do not want to park far away when leaving late at night. D. Current parking generation rates for residential uses calculate as approximately 0.75 spaces needed per dwelling unit. It is not likely that this will be able to be reduced further, and may need to be increased to market residential developments so that residents can have a convenient parking space.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 85
SECTION 7 - PARKING SURVEY RESULTS As part of the data collection efforts, Rich and Associates with the cooperation of the City offered surveys to Downtown Business Owners, Employees and Customers/Visitors. These surveys were designed to provide quantifiable information and allow each of these groups to express opinions regarding various aspects of downtown parking. Business Owner Surveys. Downtown business owners were asked a series of questions in order to provide some insight into their needs and utilization of downtown parking. Below is a summary of some of the more interesting questions. 1. What is your busiest day of the Week?
Business owners responded that Tuesdays were their busiest day with the Thursday ending up as the fifth busiest. This provides some justification to the occupancy adjustment for the Thursday occupancy counts to adjust for busier days. Nearly 75 percent of the responding businesses indicated that they can provide at least some parking for their staff. Do you provide parking for any employees at your business/building?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes - All employees have parking provided and available 48.5% 16 No - Employees must park using public parking 24.2% 8 Some - Can provide for some employees but not all 27.3% 9 Other (please specify) 5 answered question 33 skipped question 3
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 86
Do you feel that there is enough publicly available parking for customers/visitors?
Yes - The amount ofcustomer/visitor parking isfineNo - We need more parkingfor customers and visitors
Business owners expected that customers should be able to park within just over one block from their business. How far away are you comfortable asking customers to walk?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count 1/2 block 30.0% 9 1 block 33.3% 10 1 1/2 blocks 10.0% 3 2 blocks 13.3% 4 2 1/2 blocks 6.7% 2 3 blocks 6.7% 2 3 1/2 blocks 0.0% 0 4 blocks 0.0% 0
Other (please specify) Total 30 Average Distance 1.27 Blocks More than half of the responding business owners felt that there was sufficient customer/visitor parking downtown. Based on 31 Responses
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 87
It is also interesting to note that more than half of the respondents felt that users should cover the costs of providing and maintaining the parking with very few wanting a tax on their business to cover the costs of parking. There is a cost to provide and maintain parking. How should parking in South Bend be paid for?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Paid by users of the parking 62.9% 22 Paid by taxes on all residents (City General Fund) 17.1% 6 Paid by taxes or assessments to businesses 5.7% 2 Other (please specify) 14.3% 5 answered question 35 skipped question 1 In terms of paying for parking, using the high end of each response, the average monthly rate expected is $39.00. Four of the five respondents who indicated other, were of the opinion that parking should be covered by a mixture of options, while one person felt it should be free. If you agree that the users of the parking should pay for it, how much do you think a parking permit for garage parking should cost?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count $25 to $30 per month 36.7% 11 $30 to $40 per month 16.7% 5 $40 to $45 per month 10.0% 3 $45 to $50 per month 16.7% 5 $50 to $60 per month 3.3% 1 $60 to $70 per month 0.0% 0 $70 to $80 per month 0.0% 0 $80 to $90 per month 0.0% 0 Other (please specify) 16.7% 5 answered question 30 While most responding business owners were of the opinion that on-street parking should be free, this coupled with the low payment rates suggested seem inconsistent with the majority response that users should be paying for the parking or a misunderstanding of the costs to build and maintain parking.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 88
If you agree that the users of the parking should pay for it, how much do you think on-street parking should cost?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count On-Street should be free 60.7% 17 $0.25 per hour 3.6% 1 $0.50 per hour 3.6% 1 $0.75 per hour 0.0% 0 $1.00 per hour 10.7% 3 $1.25 per hour 0.0% 0 $1.50 per hour 0.0% 0 Other (please specify) 21.4% 6 answered question 28 The proportion of business owners unaware of the two-hours of free parking policy suggests the need for marketing of the parking to the business community. Are you aware that the City offers the first two hours of parking in the Main and Wayne Street garages for free?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes, I am aware of it 74.2% 23 No, I wasn't aware of this policy 25.8% 8 answered question 31 Finally, several opinion questions were asked of business owners. The first of these asked whether they felt it was easy to locate a parking space in Downtown South Bend. The responses showed a very slight agreement that parking is easy in Downtown South Bend. In response to the question regarding signage regarding on-street time limits, no parking areas, loading zones etc. there was a much stronger response toward agreeing that these were satisfactory. Opinions regarding directional signs to parking were tilted toward negative opinions. Signs regarding the garages showed only a very slight tendency that these were satisfactory.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 89
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 90
Downtown Employees Employees working downtown were also asked to respond to a survey designed for them. One of the most critical questions was the proportion that drive and park when coming to work. This showed that 95 percent of employees drive and park when coming downtown to work. How do you generally get to work?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Drive and Park my own car 95.3% 203 Ride with friend or spouse 0.5% 1 Dropped Off 0.5% 1 Public Transportation 0.0% 0 Walk 1.9% 4 Bicycle 1.9% 4 Motorcycle 0.0% 0 Other (please specify) 4 answered question 213 In terms of where they are parking, the nearly nine percent who indicated that they park on-street is interesting given the fact that the majority of on-street parking is time limited to one or two hours, although there are a few unmarked or untimed spaces within the study area. Where do you generally park?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Lot provided by my employer 22.5% 47 Public parking lot 5.7% 12 Public parking garage 48.8% 102 Privately owned parking lot 9.1% 19 On-street downtown 8.6% 18 Residential area on-street 5.3% 11 Other (please specify) 14 answered question 209 The next series of questions offer some interesting insight to employees’ perceptions of parking downtown. More than half of the responding employees feel that public parking is too far away and are only willing to walk an average of 1.8 blocks. In response to the question if they would walk further for free parking, more than half said no while those who said yes, the average response was three to four blocks as long as the path was safe. These responses have implications regarding the placement of free or lower cost parking on the periphery of downtown since, based on these responses, it may not be used unless considered convenient.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 91
If you are required to use public parking, is enough off-street parking provided near your employment?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count No - Parking is too far away 57.7% 79 Yes - Publicly available lots are near enough 42.3% 58 answered question 137 How far are you willing to walk from a parking space to work?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Less than 1 block 22.9% 48 1 block to 1 1/2 blocks 28.6% 60 1 1/2 to 2 blocks 23.3% 49 2 to 2 1/2 blocks 10.5% 22 2 1/2 to 3 blocks 8.1% 17 More than 3 blocks 6.7% 14 answered question 210 Average Distance: 1.8 blocks Considering your answer above, would you walk further for free parking?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes 44.8% 91 No 55.2% 112 answered question 203 Another interesting result was the more than two-thirds that felt that there is insufficient customer parking, while the occupancy and parking demand results seem to show that sufficient parking exists, although it may not be right at the destination. Do you feel that there is enough publicly available parking for customers/visitors?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes - The amount of customer/visitor parking is fine 30.8% 62 No - We need more parking for customers and visitors. 69.2% 139 answered question 201
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 92
In terms of covering the costs of providing and maintaining the parking, the majority of responding employee’s downtown were of the opinion that the users should pay for it. For those who responded “other” the prevailing opinion was that a combination of all three choices would be acceptable. There is a cost to provide and maintain parking, how should parking in downtown South Bend be paid for?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count User Fees (pay for parking as used) 54.4% 112 Paid for by Taxes 10.7% 22 Paid by Businesses 21.8% 45 Other (please specify) 13.1% 27 answered question 206 In terms of the appropriate rate for monthly parking for employees, using the midpoint of the choices as noted below, the average would be about $21.00 per month. If you agree that users of the parking should pay for it, how much do you think a parking permit for a full-time employee should cost?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Less than $10 per month 23.4% 41 $10 to $15$ per month 14.9% 26 $15 to $20 per month 12.6% 22 $20 to $30 per month 20.0% 35 $30 to $40 per month 9.7% 17 $40 to $50 per month 10.9% 19 $50 to $60 per month 1.7% 3 Other (please specify) 6.9% 12 answered question 175 skipped question 39 Employees were asked the same opinion questions regarding locating parking downtown and on-street, directional and garage signage with the average results relatively consistent with the opinions offered by the downtown business owners. These results are shown below.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 93
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 94
Customer/ Visitor Responses The majority of customers and visitors coming to Downtown South Bend drive and park their own vehicle when coming with more than three-fourths using the free on-street parking. Only about ten percent are using a public lot or garage (that is likely to have a fee) whereas those who use a public garage are afforded the first two hours free. In terms of the average number of times a customer or visitor will visit downtown, the average was about 2 ½ times per week. How do you generally arrive to downtown South Bend?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Drive and Park my Own Car 91.9% 205 Dropped Off 0.0% 0 Public Transportation 0.0% 0 Motorcycle/scooter 0.0% 0 Walk 4.0% 9 Bicycle 4.0% 9 Other (please specify) 2 answered question 223 skipped question 1 Where do you generally park?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Public parking lot 5.4% 12 Public parking garage 11.3% 25 Privately owned parking lot or garage 4.5% 10 On-street 78.8% 175 answered question 222 skipped question 2 How many times in a typical week do you visit downtown South Bend?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count about once per week 17.0% 38 1 to 2 times per week 29.9% 67 3 to 4 times per week 23.7% 53 5 or more times per week 15.2% 34 about once a month 6.7% 15 less than once a month 4.9% 11 I tend not to come downtown because 2.7% 6 answered question 224
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 95
skipped question 0 Average Response: 2.6 times per week Another interesting result was the average stay downtown of nearly three hours. If parking on-street this may require moving their vehicle or would incur a charge if parking in one of the two parking garages that afford two hours of free parking. The average for the number of businesses visited per trip calculated as 1.8 businesses. Customers are willing to walk an average of 1.7 blocks from their parking space to their destination.
How many businesses do you generally visit each trip?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Generally, 1 (single purpose) 42.5% 93 2 42.9% 94 3 11.4% 25 4 1.8% 4 5 or more 1.4% 3 answered question 219 skipped question 5 Average: 1.8 How far are you willing to walk from your parking space to your primary destination?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count 25 feet 0.5% 1 100 feet 0.9% 2 1/2 block 11.0% 24 1 block 24.3% 53 1 to 2 blocks 38.5% 84 More than 2 blocks 24.8% 54 Other (please specify) 10 answered question 218 skipped question 6 Average Distance: 1.7 Blocks
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 96
Customers and visitors were almost evenly split regarding their opinions on whether there is sufficient public parking downtown with a slight edge to those who felt that public parking is insufficient. Given the observed occupancy results this suggests a need for improved marketing of the parking to the public. This need for marketing is also suggested by the nearly 50 percent of patrons who are unaware of the first two hours of free parking in the Main and Wayne Street garages. Do you feel that there is enough publicly available parking for downtown South Bend customers & visitors?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes - The number of parking spaces seems to be okay 48.4% 107 No - There are not enough spaces. 51.6% 114 answered question 221 skipped question 3 Are you aware that the first two hours in the Main and Wayne Street garages is free?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count No, I was not aware of this 46.3% 101 Yes, I know about it and use it 23.9% 52 Yes, I know about it but don't use it 29.8% 65 answered question 218 skipped question 6 Downtown customers and visitors asked the question had a slightly lower proportion willing to have the users pay for parking compared to business owners and downtown employees. Many of those who responded other however also felt that a combination of all three would be appropriate. There is a cost to provide and maintain the parking, how should parking be paid for?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count User Fees (Paid by those who use it) 42.1% 93 Paid for by city taxes 34.4% 76 Paid by assessments on the businesses even though may result in higher costs of services 9.5% 21 Other (please specify) 14.0% 31 answered question 221 skipped question 3
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 97
In terms of the cost for on-street parking, more than half of the respondents felt that it should either be free or less than $0.25 per hour. If you agree that users should pay for the parking (to provide and maintain it) what should on-street parking costs per hour?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count less than $0.25 per hour 9.7% 19 $0.25 to $0.50 per hour 25.1% 49 $0.50 to $0.75 per hour 8.2% 16 $1.00 per hour 6.7% 13 On-street parking should be free 44.1% 86 Other (please specify) 6.2% 12 answered question 195 skipped question 29 With the first two hours free, the average cost per hour suggested by customers and visitors suggest revenue levels that would be insufficient to cover the costs of building and maintaining parking within the downtown. If you agree that users should pay for the parking (to provide and maintain it) what should it cost to park in a City garage if the first two hours are free?
Answer Options Response Percent Response Count $0.25 per hour 9.0% 17 $0.25 to $0.50 per hour 17.0% 32 $0.50 to $0.75 per hour 17.6% 33 $1.00 per hour 42.6% 80 $1.25 per hour 0.5% 1 $1.50 per hour 3.7% 7 $1.75 per hour 0.0% 0 $2.00 per hour 3.2% 6 Other (please specify) 6.4% 12 answered question 188 skipped question 36 The opinion questions regarding locating parking and signage were again relatively consistent with the responses offered by both business owners and downtown employees.
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 98
Department of Community Development City of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study Final Report February 2016
Rich & Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants – Planners 99
APPENDIX
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only TotalBlockFace6A531B6C5D2Sub-Total 0 0 5 0 9 0 1 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 227ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 014ABCD191Sub-Total 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1115A9B12CD7Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 2816A7B92CDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 1817ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 018AB8C15DSub-Total 0 0 0 8 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2319AB3121
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking InventoryCBD
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block FaceNo Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates Inc Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only Total
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking InventoryCBD
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
C 12 1D13Sub-Total 0 3 12 13 0 12 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4220A3BC112D8321Sub-Total 3 0 8 0 14 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 3028ABC4DSub-Total 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 429A51B2913C121D23Sub-Total 0 2 3 0 17 29 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 5730A7B18C22D8Sub-Total 2 0 2 8 7 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3731A12B6C7D10Sub-Total 0 0 0 6 17 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 3532A6B2722C93DSub-Total 2 0 0 7 6 9 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 3133A61B310C11112D21221Sub-Total 0 2 17 15 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 10 3 5234A10B2202C1D49Sub-Total 3 0 4 0 10 20 0 2 0 0 0 9 0 0 48
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates Inc Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only Total
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking InventoryCBD
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
35 A 4BC5D127 1 1Sub-Total 1 0 5 0 0 31 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3936ABCD64Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1039A413BC5D132Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 4 18 0 2 0 0 0 13 0 0 3740A66B22712C7D4Sub-Total 2 0 6 7 0 27 1 2 0 0 0 0 10 0 5541A511B421C46D10Sub-Total 0 0 9 13 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 3442A1312B731C12D111Sub-Total 0 0 0 7 11 28 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 5143A11B14C135D6Sub-Total 0 0 0 14 17 13 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4944A101B12C66D13Sub-Total 0 0 12 13 16 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 4845A112B2252C8
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates Inc Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only Total
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking InventoryCBD
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
D 6 3Sub-Total 2 0 6 19 0 25 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 5946A9BCD272Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3847ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 048ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grand Total 20 7 89 130 180 270 15 36 5 24 30 27 22 3 858
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block FaceNo Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates Inc Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Reg Handicap Reg Handicap6AA-6 Gated Lot PVT 194 0 194 06BB-6 SB Scottish Dyslexia Center PVT 19 12 19 1262131221312 0 0
14 A A-14 Vacant Building PVT 5 1 5 114BB-14 BKR Studio PVT 5 5 014CC-14 Private Office Building PVT 12 2 12 214DD-14 Indiana Mailing Systems PVT 8 8 014303303 0 0
15 A A-15 Memorial & St. Joe Employees PVT 49 2 49 215BB-15 Memorial & St. Joe Employees PVT 33 2 33 215CC-15 Northern Indiana Public Service Co.PVT 14 3 14 315DD-15 Burger King PVT 42 3 42 315EE-15 Northern Indiana Public Service Co.PVT 87 3 87 3152251322513 0 0
16 A A-16 First United Methodist Church PVT 74 9 74 916BB-16 Alpha Elec/Linda Gillis Atty PVT 5 5 016CC-16 Taco Bell PVT 28 2 28 216DD-16 5/3 Bank PVT 21 2 21 216EE-16 315 Main Street PVT 7 7 0161351313513 0 0
18 A A-18 Church (Children's Center)PVT 110 2 110 218BB-18 Permit Lot PVT 22 22 01813221322 0 0
19 A A-19 1st Source Bank PVT 5 5 019BB-19 South Bend Tribune PVT 6 6 019CC-19 South Bend Tribune PVT 4 4 019150150 0 0
20 A A-20 Water Works Employees PVT 31 31 020BB-20 LaSalle Building PVT 59 3 59 320CC-20 Water Works Customers PVT 13 2 13 22010351035 0 0
28 A A-28 1ST Source / Doubletree Garage PVT 495 495 02849504950 0 0
29 A A-29 Main Street Garage PUB 420 420 029BB-29 Lake City Bank PVT 50 2 50 229CC-29 Private JMS Building PVT 32 32 029DD-29 Alley Lot (LZ until 12 Noon)PUB 10 10 029EE-29 Alley Lot PUB 15 15 02952728224450
30 A A-30 Colfax Place Lot PVT 78 1 78 130BB-30 Sign Market Lot PVT 18 18 030CC-30 City Lot (ABM - $4.00 Flat Rate)PUB 44 44 030DD-30 115 Main Street Lot PVT 16 16 030EE-30 PNC Bank Lot PVT 11 11 030FF-30 PNC Bank Lot PVT 12 12 030GG-30 Chase Tower Garage (Closed)PVT 0 0 03017911351 44 0
31 A A-31 Grace Building Lot PVT 11 11 031BB-31 Episcopal Cathedral Lot PVT 36 1 36 131CC-31 Bob Cook Auto Service PVT 26 26 031731731 0 0
32 A A-32 Church Lot PVT 23 23 032BB-32 County Employee Parking PVT 53 53 032CC-32 County Employee Parking PVT 24 24 032DD-32 Private Lot PVT 4 4 032EE-32 Jefferson Place Office Center Lot PVT 27 27 03213101310 0 0
34 A A-34 Teacher's Credit Union Lot PVT 50 50 034BB-34 City Leighton Garage PUB 640 640 0
South Bend CBD - Off Street Parking Private Public
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Reg Handicap Reg Handicap
South Bend CBD - Off Street Parking Private Public
34 690 0 50 0 640 0
35 A A-35 Parking surrounding HOF (2 Hrs)PUB 47 47 035BB-35 The Dino Store PVT 7 7 035CC-35 City Lot ($5.00 pay by space)PUB 48 3 48 335DD-35 DeRue Court PUB 7 7 0351093701023
36 A A-36 Century Center Lot PVT 380 380 03638003800 0 0
39 A A-39 Wayne Garage PUB 424 424 039BB-39 Parking Adj Key Bank Bldg PVT 24 2 24 2394482242 424 0
40 A A-40 Coyne Garage PUB 435 435 0404350004350
41 A A-41 Trigon PVT 99 1 99 141BB-41 Public Parking Lot ($3.25)PUB 25 2541CC-41 Edward Jones Lot PVT 40 1 40 141DD-41 Paragon PVT 77 77412412216 2 25 0
42 A A-42 H & C Services PVT 53 1 53 142BB-42 H & C Services (Across Alley)PVT 41 414294194 1 0 0
43 A A-43 City Employee Parking PVT 62 62 043BB-43 Vacant Building Lot PVT 10 10 043720720 0 0
44 A A-44 AT & T Lot PVT 58 3 58 344BB-44 SBC Lot PVT 31 31 044CC-44 ABM Permit Lot PUB 36 36 044DD-44 Gates (Pre-Owned Autos)PVT 0 044EE-44 Gates (Pre-Owned Autos)PVT 0 0441253893 36 0
45 A A-45 St. Joseph County Public Library PVT 65 3 65 345BB-45 Private Lot PVT 80 4 80 445CC-45 DTSB Hang Tag Lot PUB 38 2 38 24518391457382
46 A A-46 Wells Fargo Bank Building Lot PVT 156 156 04615601560 0 0
47 A A-47 Fresnes Center (Residential)PVT 163 9 163 94716391639 0 0
48 A A-48 Crowe Horvath PVT 537 537 048BB-48 Crowe Horvath PVT 24 4 24 44856145614 0 0
Public Parking-5,915 85 3,726 80 2,189 5--100.0% 63.4% 36.6%
6,000 3,806 2,194
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only TotalBlockFace11AB8CD27Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 3512A30B21CDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 0 0 0 5113ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 021AB13CDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1322ABCD10Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1023AB8CDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 824AB62CD38Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 2 0 0 1925AB10C424D11Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 4926AB25
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking Inventory - East Bank(7/24/15)
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only Total
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking Inventory - East Bank(7/24/15)
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
CDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 2527ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 037A423B12C6D9Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 27 23 0 0 0 5438A8B5C7D6Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 26
Grand Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 150 130 2 0 0 290
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana City of South BendEast Bank Off-Street Parking Supply Downtown Parking Study
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Reg Handicap Reg Handicap11 A A-11 PFEIC PVT 48 2 48 211 B B-11 7-Eleven PVT 11 1 11 111 C C-11 Luck of the Irish Trophies PVT 6 6 0653653 0 0
12 A A-12 South Bend Human Resources Comm PVT 62 3 62 3623623 0 0
21 A A-21 THK Office PVT 13 13 021 B B-21 THK Office PVT 41 3 41 321 C C-21 Mannerch Club PVT 9 9 0633633 0 0
22 A A-22 Unknown Lot PVT 43 43 022 B B-22 The Commerce Center PVT 186 4 186 422 C C-22 Arts PVT 5 5 023442344 0 0
23 A A-23 Dockside Service PVT 11 2 11 223 B B-23 People Link PVT 90 3 90 310151015 0 0
24 A A-24 Explore Media PVT 10 10 024 B B-24 Unknown Lot PVT 27 2 27 2372372 0 0
25 A A-25 AM General PVT 82 82 025 B B-25 Grocery Co-OP PVT 27 27 010901090 0 0
26 A A-26 AM General Visitors PVT 9 9 026 B B-26 AM North Lot PVT 33 4 33 426 C C-26 Emporium Lot (Public Spaces) PUB 25 1 25 126 C C-26 Emporium Lot (Private Spaces) PVT 25 1 25 1926675 25 1
27 A A-27 Stephen Sims Apartments PVT 8 2 8 2
Private Public
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana City of South BendEast Bank Off-Street Parking Supply Downtown Parking Study
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Reg Handicap Reg HandicapPrivate Public
27 B B-27 Public Park Lot (public spaces) PUB 6 0 6 027 B B-27 Public Park Lot (private spaces) PVT 45 1 45 1593533 6 0
37 A A-37 Unknown Lot PVT 55 4 55 437 B B-37 Omichron Lot PVT 39 39 037 C C-37 Metro Homicide Lot PVT 11 11 010541054 0 0
38 A A-38 Unknown Lot PVT 28 2 28 238 B B-38 X-Ray Consultants PVT 20 20 038 C C-38 Dry Cleaners Lot PVT 7 7 038 D D-38 Michigan Lock and Key PVT 8 8 0632632 0 0
--990 35 959 34 31 1--100.0% 96.9% 3.1%
1,025 993 32
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana Downtown Parking Study
15 Minute
15 Minute (Loading Zone)UnMarked Marked UnMarked Marked No Time Limit 2 Hour 4 Hour Unmarked Marked 30-Minute Reserved Permit Only Total49ABCDSub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 050ABC5DSub-Total 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 551A7B10C7D15Sub-Total 0 1 0 0 17 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3052A320B1514C40DSub-Total 0 0 0 0 3 15 0 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 9253A62B8C10D16Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 0 12 16 0 0 0 4254A3B14C52D14Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 38
Grand Total 0 1 0 0 53 28 0 0 0 102 23 0 0 0 207
City of South Bend, IndianaOn-Street Parking InventoryBallpark Zone
1 Hour 2 Hour Handicap Free
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block FaceNo Parking This Block FaceNo Parking This Block FaceNo Parking This Block Face
No Parking This Block Face
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix
Department of Community InvestmentCity of South Bend Indiana City of South BendOff-Street Parking InventoryBallpark Zone
Downtown Parking Study
Block Letter Lot Description Pub/Pvt Reg Handicap Reg Handicap Reg Handicap49 A A-49 Post Office Lot PVT 56 2 56 249 B B-49 Post Office Lot PVT 56 2 56 211241124 0 0
50 A A-50 Free Lot PUB 41 1 41 150 B B-50 Permit Lot PUB 45 45 050 C C-50 Private Lot PVT 8 8 050 D D-50 Gated Federal Bankruptcy Court Lot PVT 54 2 54 21483622 86 1
51 A A-51 Unknown Lot PVT 24 24 051 B B-51 Jones, Petrie & Refinski PVT 7 7 051 C C-51 Jones, Petrie & Refinski PVT 13 1 13 151 D D-51 Hope Ministries Lot PVT 18 18 051 E E-51 Evangelical Chapel PVT 35 1 35 151 F F-51 Produce Market PVT 16 16 051 G G-51 Produce Market PVT 21 2 21 251 H H-51 Edward Jones Lot PVT 5 5 013941394 0 0
53 A A-53 Baseball Field Parking PVT 15 15 053 B B-53 Baseball Field Parking PVT 20 20 053 C C-53 Baseball Field Parking PVT 58 58 0930930 0 0
54 A A-54 Salvation Army Lot PVT 23 1 23 154 B B-54 Private (Residential) PVT 8 854 C C-54 Midas PVT 37 1 37 1682682 0 0--560 13 474 12 86 1--100.0% 84.8% 15.2%
Private Public
573 486 87
Rich and Associates, Inc. Parking Consultants - Planners Appendix