Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout2021 Natural Resource Management Plan Final2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Page 1Page 1 I. SUMMARY This 2021 revision of South Bend Venues Parks & Arts’ Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) substantially expands on the two prior versions of the Plan. The original 2017 version and the 2020 update created broad outlines of the core principles that guide natural resources management in VPA properties and urban forestry. They also contained a list of “Identified Topics of Concern” and a list of “Sensitive Park Properties.” Both of these lists came after hours of input from the Ecological Advocacy Committee (EAC). Expanding upon these previous versions of this document was the primary focus of the 2020 EAC. To accomplish this goal, the EAC formed ad hoc subcommittees to address and analyze the “Identified Topics of Concern.” Throughout 2020, the EAC worked alongside and with VPA and city staff, community, and regional experts to draft the 2021 NRMP. Upon completion, VPA staff presented his draft for reviewing, commenting, and vetting to numerous entities, including VPA Admininistration, Facilities & Grounds, Recreation & Programming, the Naturalist staff, and City Forestry. This resulting document contains all of the elements of the previous plans plus the following revisions and additions: 1. “Identified Topics of Concern” is now expanded into two categories “Guiding Principles and Procedures” and “Management Strategies.” The former is a list of core ecological principles that apply to all aspects of resource management, while the latter contains a list of actionable strategies, which is expanded into a matrix in Appendix E.2. An introductory section that details the need for natural resources management in South Bend. 3. A revised page layout that includes 49 original and three historical photographs depicting natural resource assets, threats, and opportunities on VPA properties. 4. An appendix that details how each of 2017/2020’s “Identified Topics of Concern” is addressed through guiding principles and management strategies. 5. Woodlawn Park added to the list of “Sensitive Properties.” 6. An updated list of personnel 7. An all-new map of VPA properties that color-codes those identified in this Plan as ecologically significant. What this 2021 plan aims to accomplish is to identify, promote, and work towards establishing guiding principles, policies, procedures, and management strategies to provide the necessary framework for Venue Parks and Arts, partners, and associates to build upon to create a more sustainable, informed, and ecologically sound city. Through the 2021 NRMP and its subsequent actions, South Bend will continue to position itself as a statewide leader in conservation and natural resources management. Page 2 I. SUMMARY 1 II. CONTENTS 2 III. PERSONNEL 5 Board of Park Commissioners 5 City of South Bend 5 Ecological Advocacy Committee 5 Additional Resources and Expert Consultants 5 PARC Committee of South Bend Common Council 5 Venues Parks and Arts Staff 5 IV. INTRODUCTION 6 A. The Importance of Natural Resources 6 B. Managing VPA’s Natural Resources 7 1. The Need for Management 7 2. South Bend’s Parks: Past, Present & Future 8 3. Sustainability and Natural Resource Management 9 C. Our Vision 10 V. GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES 11 A. General Principles and Considerations 11 1. Supporting VPA’s Mission, Vision, and Principles 11 2. Responsibility and the Public Interest 11 3. Diversity of Users 11 4. Recreation and Other Factors Impacting Natural Resource Management 11 5. Public Involvement and Accessibility 12 6. Legal Compliance 12 7. Compensatory Damages 12 8. Enforcement 12 B. Procedures and Methods 13 1. Tools for Management 13 2. Science, Technology, and Industry Standards 13 3. Coordination with Other Entities 13 4. Inventory and Monitoring 13 5. Evaluations and Revisions 13 6. Publication of Research Data 14 7. Informed Leadership 14 C. Conduct of Research 14 II. CONTENTS Page 3 Contents D. Integrated Ecological Principles 15 1. Climate Change 15 2. Biodiversity 15 3. Invasive Species 16 4. Native Plants 16 5. Conservation Corridors 17 6. Microhabitats 17 a. Vernal Ponds 17 b. Dead and Downed Trees 18 c. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas 18 7. Trails and Wildlife Viewing Areas 20 8. Outdoor Lighting 20 9. Routine Mowing 21 10. Ecologically Degraded Properties 21 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization 22 12. Community Engagement and Education 22 a. Volunteer Service 22 b. Regionally Focused Environmental Education 22 c. Institutional Environmental Education 23 d. Citizen Science 23 E. Natural Resource Management Areas 24 1. Sensitive Natural Zones — Directly Under VPA Control 24 2. Sensitive Natural Zones — Not Directly Under VPA Control 26 3. Park Recreation Zones 27 VI. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 28 A. Land and Aquatic Resources 28 1. Application of Chemicals 28 2. Aquatic Resources Inventory and Assessment 29 3. Vegetation Buffers 30 4. River Windows 32 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization 33 6. Ecologically Sensitive VPA Properties 34 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans 35 8. Parkland Protection 36 9. Outdoor Lighting 37 10. Recycling 38 B. Wildlife 39 Page 4 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 1. Wildlife Monitoring 39 2. Wildlife Protection: Ordinances, Policies, Procedures, and Enforcement 40 3. Nuisance Wildlife Management 41 4. Injured Wildlife Procedures 42 C. Trees and Vegetation 42 1. Trees: Standards and Care Document 42 2. Master Tree Planting List 43 3. Native Trees — Educational Materials 44 4. Hazardous Tree Evaluation 45 5. Tree Trimming and Removal — Educational Materials 45 6. Arbor Day Tree Giveaways 46 7. South Bend City Code 47 8. VPA Staff Invasive Species Training 48 9. “State Listed” Plants 49 10. Invasive Plant Management Plan 50 11. Master Planting List 50 D. Education and Community Engagement 51 1. Interpretive Signs 51 2. Neighborhood-level Programming 52 3. Park Stewardship Program 53 4. Ecological Assessment of Parks 54 5. Special Event Programming 55 6. Environmentally-themed Recreation 55 REFERENCES 56 APPENDIX A: IDENTIFIED CONCERNS 59 APPENDIX B: SENSITIVE PROPERTIES 70 APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS 71 APPENDIX D: MAP OF PARK PROPERTIES 72 APPENDIX E: STRATEGY MATRIX 73 Page 5 President — Mark Neal Vice President — Consuella Hopkins Member — Aimee Buccellato Member — Dan Farrell About the EAC Established in 2016 by Park Board Resolution 0004-2016, the Ecological Advocacy Committee (EAC) serves as an advisory committee to the South Bend Board of Park Commissioners and VPA staff. Volunteer committee members, serving in a series of one-year terms, provide as-needed input guidance, council, and advisory opinion on planning and development issues that affect parkland ecology and environmentally sensitive properties. EAC members offer extensive expertise in forestry, resource management, botany, site development planning, administration, and natural resources, and wildlife management. At the request of the Board of Park Commissioners, the EAC also oversees the formulation and updating of this Natural Resource Plan. Executive Director — Aaron Perri Director of Facilities and Grounds — John Martinez Supervisor of Rum Village Park — Garry Harrington Naturalist — Hannah Teshka Chief Development Officer — Annie Smith Partnerships, Community and Standards Coordinator — Matthew Moyers City Forester — Brent Thompson Chair — Steve Sass Members — Jo Borror, Lindsay Chadderton, John DiTillo, Amy Kryston, Alicia Peligrino, Allison Pudlo, Andrew Schnabel, Andrew Tucker VPA Liaison — Garry Harrington Of Counsel — Therese Dorau, Brent Thompson Additional Resources and Expert Consultants Chuck Beuter, Amanda Smith, Ecometrid Board of Park Commissioners Venues Parks and Arts Staff City of South Bend Director of Sustainability — Therese Dorau Ecological Advocacy Committee III. PERSONNEL PARC Committee of South Bend Common Council Chair — Sharon L. McBride Vice Chair — Troy Warner Members — Lori Hamann, Jake Teshka Page 6 A. The Importance of Natural Resources By natural resources, we mean the water, air, minerals, soil, and all the organisms that comprise the many diverse ecosystems found on Earth. The quality and abundance of those natural resources influence where humans build their cities, develop their agricultural systems, and place their industries. Thriving human societies can exist only where the quality and abundance of natural resources are high. In South Bend, the department of Venues, Parks, and Arts (VPA), which includes the Division of Forestry, under the direction of the South Bend Board of Park Commissioners, oversees many of the city’s natural resources. The St. Joseph River, South Bend’s central, defining asset, is bordered by over a dozen city park properties. Rum Village Park contains the city’s largest urban forest, and Elbel Park is home to several plant and animal species designated as “endangered, threatened, or rare” by the State of Indiana. Because they offer a variety of recreational activities, these and other park properties are vital to the health and well-being of South Bend residents and serve as destinations for visitors to the city. IV. INTRODUCTION Numerous South Bend Parks lay adjacent to the St. Joseph River, the city’s most significant natural resource. January sunrise at Elbel Park Page 7 Introduction B. Managing VPA’s Natural Resources South Bend is fortunate to be located in an area of abundant natural resources, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soils, and a climate moderated by Lake Michigan. The diverse terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of our area developed over the past 14,000 years since the glaciers retreated from northern Indiana. The St. Joseph River Valley has been a source of natural resources for native peoples for at least 10,000 years. During that time of Native American settlement, ecosystems remained mostly intact and healthy. With human settlement came the disruption of our ecosystem services. The clearing and draining of forests and prairies for farming, along with the straightening of rivers and 1. The Need for Management Early 20th Century image of the draining of the Kankakee River. Photo Courtesy Northern Indiana Center for History. “We abuse land because we see it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.” — Aldo Leopold (Leopold 1949) streams, resulted in increased flooding. Many Eurasian species of plants, animals, and pathogens introduced to Indiana, both intentionally and accidentally, have caused ecological, financial, and cultural damage. Humankind has drastically altered the landscape to our growing needs, and a consequence is the loss of plant and animal diversity. As a result, the natural resources contained within South Bend’s parks now require a strategic, focused approach to management that works to regain a healthy, balanced ecosystem. Page 8 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 2. South Bend’s Parks: Past, Present & Future Over the past century and a half, like other Midwestern municipalities, the needs and functions of South Bend’s parks have shifted considerably. In 1879, when South Bend established our first park, St. Joseph County contained a diverse range of abundant natural habitats, including mature old-growth forests, tallgrass prairies, marshland around the headwaters of the Kankakee River, and of course, the south bend of the St. Joseph River, which meandered through the city. As the city grew in size, a desire arose for tamed and managed outdoor spaces. Formally designed and maintained city parks provided some of the only opportunities for outdoor public gatherings, concerts, celebrations, and other recreation. Additionally, through formal plantings and zoos, parks became places to showcase exotic plants and animals, while displacing those native to South Bend. Throughout most of the 20th century and beyond, the rise in popularity of sports and recreational activities created a demand for additional infrastructure, which took precedence over natural resource management. During this period, as South Bend increased their parklands, the park Early 20th Century postcards depicting invasive Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) in the duck pond at Leeper Park (left) and the Studebaker Fountain at Howard Park (upper right). Photos courtesy St. Joseph County Public Library Page 9 Introduction 3. Sustainability and Natural Resource Management “Sustainability is an approach that accounts for environmental, economic and social impacts in activities both within city government and in the larger South Bend community. Sustainability focuses on maximizing the ‘Three Es’ — Economy, Environment, and Equity — also known as the ‘triple bottom line.’” (SBDS 2020). Through the creation of the Department of Sustainability and Council Resolution 4787-19, the City of South Bend has demonstrated a commitment to sustainability. With many of South Bend’s most environmentally significant properties under VPA control, the Natural Resource Management Plan serves to help guide and support the Department of Sustainability’s environmental objectives. department built four municipal golf courses, several baseball, softball, and soccer facilities, swimming pools, recreational centers, tennis courts, and other recreational infrastructure (Jones Petrie Rafinski 2014). As times have changed, so have our surroundings. The wilderness that formerly surrounded South Bend is gone, having been replaced by farmland, industry, urban sprawl, roads, and other infrastructure, and South Bend parks now contain some of the last vestiges of natural and semi-natural lands. If we are to protect these natural parkland remnants and the species that depend on them for future generations, park planning and management must no longer be based solely on recreation and the current needs of humans. Instead, we must strive to balance those needs with sound ecological practices and policies. Recreational facility at Boem Park Page 10 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan “To manage resources under the jurisdiction of the South Bend Venues Parks & Arts Department to help enhance and maintain the ecological health of the environment and the social well-being of human populations.” Four basic principles support this vision: 1. South Bend Venues Parks & Arts can manage natural resources to provide for both human use and a healthy environment. 2. Resource management must focus on principles that reduce the need for single- activity, human use management. 3. Stewardship, the involvement of people working with natural processes, is essential for successful implementation. 4. South Bend Venues Parks & Arts cannot achieve this vision alone but can, by its management processes and through cooperation and assistance from others, be a significant contributor to its achievement. C. Our Vision “The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.” — Theodore Roosevelt (Roosevelt 1907) Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) at Keller Park Page 11 V. GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES A. General Principles and Considerations The basic guiding principles presented in this section apply to all elements of the Natural Resource Management Plan. 1. Supporting VPA’s Mission, Vision, and Principles The Natural Resource Management Plan shall support South Bend Venues Parks and Art’s Mission, Vision, and Five Guiding Principles of social equity, ecology, safety, impact, and health & wellness. 2. Responsibility and the Public Interest South Bend Venues Parks & Arts shall act responsibly in the public interest in managing its lands and natural resources. There shall be a conscious and active concern for the inherent value of natural resources in all VPA’s plans, actions, and programs. 3. Diversity of Users Sound Bend is a city of diverse neighborhoods with people of different cultures, nationalities, religions, traditions, and abilities. As such, all natural resource planning and implementation should consider this diversity. 4. Recreation and Other Factors Impacting Natural Resource Management Ecological health is a critical consideration in resource management. It is, however, not the sole consideration, and natural resource management plans and strategies should seek to balance ecology with both passive and active recreation. Public safety and other factors that serve the common good must also be in focus. Ecological study at Elbel Park Page 12 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 6. Legal Compliance VPA actions that affect natural resources within the jurisdiction of the Board of Park of Commissioners shall comply with all policies of the City of South Bend, St. Joseph County, and the more stringent of applicable local, state, and federal laws. 7. Compensatory Damages If a person or other entity damages natural resources under VPA control, they shall be held liable for the damage. VPA shall use funds recovered as a result of natural resources damage claims for restoration, replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural resources. 8. Enforcement Enforcement of laws primarily aimed at protecting natural resources and the recreational activities that depend on them is an integral part of natural resources management. The superintendent or manager of the affected area shall direct or coordinate these enforcement efforts. 5. Public Involvement and Accessibility Natural resource management often includes making educated decisions that result in changes to long-standing practices and traditions. Whenever applicable, VPA will seek to involve residents and other community stakeholders in the review and process. VPA will also strive to make information accessible to the public and to educate the community on the reasons for making changes. Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) caterpillars feeding on swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) at Pinhook Park Page 13 Procedures and Methods B. Procedures and Methods 1. Tools for Management • Working with the PARC Committee of the South Bend Common Council to revise South Bend Code of Ordinances • Urging the Board of Park Commissioners to create resolutions where applicable • Enforcing existing ordinances • Creating educational campaigns • Training VPA staff • Continuing to utilize the Ecological Advocacy Committee (EAC) and other area and regional experts • Establishing and adhering to best management practices (BMPs) To accomplish the stated goals of the Resource Management Plan, VPA should employ a variety of methods including, but not limited to: 2. Science, Technology, and Industry Standards Science and technology are ever-evolving. Scientific beliefs and practices that were standard decades ago are now antiquated, as are the methods of measuring and storing data. Natural resource managers should adhere to quantifiable, objective means of assessment, and frequently evaluate the scientific and technological standards used in resource management and utilize industry standards whenever possible. 3. Coordination with Other Entities Matters affecting natural resources on park properties are often multi-jurisdictional and not limited to VPA control. As such, VPA should continue to strive to coordinate conservation efforts with other city, county, and state agencies and governments, land trusts, conservation organizations, educational institutions, and private landowners. 4. Inventory and Monitoring The South Bend Venues Parks & Arts Department will assemble baseline inventory data describing significant natural resources under its stewardship and will monitor those resources to detect or predict changes. The resulting information will be analyzed to detect changes that may require intervention and to provide reference points for comparison with other, more altered environments. 5. Evaluations and Revisions The successful implementation of management plans requires accurate data, evaluation, and revisions. Therefore, natural resource plans should include a protocol for periodic review and adjustments. “To not learn from those failures, to learn and adapt, to grow, to evolve from them...that would be the true failure.” — Aaron Perri (Perri 2018) Page 14 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan C. Conduct of Research The South Bend Venues Parks & Art Department will cooperate with other public and private institutions to establish cooperative park study efforts. In recognition of the scientific value of parks as natural laboratories, researchers are encouraged to use the parks for scientific studies when such use is consistent with department policies or site objectives and purposes. Studies with the potential to disturb park resources or visitors, that require the waiver of any regulation, or that involve the collection of specimens, may be allowed only pursuant to the terms and conditions of an appropriate permit. Venues Parts and Arts will generally not permit manipulative or destructive research activities. However, VPA may grant exceptions if the value of the knowledge gained exceeds the impacted resource, or the research provides information essential for management. 6. Publication of Research Data Through both technical documents and popular media, VPA will make available to park staff, the scientific community, and the public the results of all scientific activities conducted in the parks. Department specialists should also publish their research findings and include them in public interpretive programs. The final studies and reports intended for public distribution will not include information on the locations of fragile natural resources or those subject to vandalism. 7. Informed Leadership VPA decision-makers shall stay informed of the conditions of natural resources, the objectives of natural resources management plans, and potential or actual conflict between VPA actions and management plans and the policies and procedures herein.Members of the South Bend-Elkhart Audubon Society monitoring winter bird populations at Elbel Park Page 15 Integrated Ecological Principles D. Integrated Ecological Principles The core ecological principles contained within this section are multidisciplinary, and they serve to guide numerous areas of the Natural Resources Management Plan. 1. Climate Change Climate change mitigation and adaptation are essential components of 21st Century resource management plans. Scientists predict that in the coming decades, climate change will strongly affect our natural resources (USGCRP 2018). Increased flooding will likely threaten South Bend‘s numerous waterfront parks. Hotter and drier summers could force the decline of species in the southern extent of their range, increase populations of species at the northern edge, and our native plants and animals will likely face increased pressure from invasive species. Although climate change is a complex global issue, South Bend VPA should take a proactive stance in planning and implementing local mitigation and adaptation strategies. 2. Biodiversity Also known as biological diversity, biodiversity is the measure of the number and relative abundance of species within a given area. According to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, “Biodiversity is essential for human health and well-being, economic prosperity, food safety, and security, and other critical areas necessary for the individual and collective thriving of all humans and all human societies (COBD1 2020).” Although climate change will likely negatively impact biodiversity, increasing biodiversity can be a tool for both climate change mitigation and adaptation (COBD2 2020). Highly biodiverse communities are more resilient to pests, disease, and ecosystem damage than degraded areas. For these reasons, whenever possible, through the management of public lands under its control, VPA should seek to maintain and increase biological diversity. “The value of biodiversity is that it makes our ecosystems more resilient, which is a prerequisite for stable societies; its wanton destruction is akin to setting fire to our lifeboat.” — Johan Rockstrom (Rockstrom 2015) Native plant bioswales at Howard Park installed to mitigate the effects of flooding due to climate change Page 16 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 3. Invasive Species The United States Department of Agriculture defines invasive species as “non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health” (Beck et al. 2006). Invasive species damage ecosystems by outcompeting and displacing native species. They cause a financial loss by lowering agricultural production, reducing the quality of recreational areas, and inflicting costs of eradication. Invasive species also significantly alter the complexion of our native landscapes, thus causing damage to South Bend’s natural heritage. Although some invasive species, such as the emerald ash borer beetle and the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease, are the result of unintentional introduction, many are not. Irresponsible pet ownership has resulted in large populations of feral and free-roaming domestic cats that decimate birds and other wildlife. Several plants introduced for livestock forage and erosion control have escaped cultivation, but the majority of invasive plant species arrived via the nursery trade. Historically, much of our landscapes have been guided primarily by aesthetics and without regard for ecological value or responsibility. As a result, an estimated 85% of our invasive terrestrial woody plant species are escapees from the nursery trade (Tallamy 2011). The Indiana Invasive Species Council maintains a list of species that are invasive in Indiana. VPA and the departments under their authority should strive to prevent further introduction of these invasive species and prioritize eradicating them in South Bend’s parks and public lands. 4. Native Plants Native trees and other vegetation are those that existed in our region before European settlement. Native plants have adapted to the growing conditions in South Bend, and they are the basis for all terrestrial food webs. The reduction of native vegetation has resulted in a loss of plant and animal diversity. Whenever possible, VPA should favor native plants over non-native (exotic) plants. Native oaks, such as these white oaks (Quercus alba) at Kennedy Park, are important sources of food for wildlife and are larval food hosts to hundreds of species of butterflies and moths. Page 17 Integrated Ecological Principles 5. Conservation Corridors The term “conservation corridor” refers to the concept that fragmented islands of habitat can somehow be physically connected. In South Bend, riparian areas adjacent to the St. Joseph River, Bowman Creek, and Juday Creek provide opportunities for interconnecting wildlife habitat. Other possibilities for corridor pathways include multi-use trails, utility easements, and coordinating with other government entities and private landowners. VPA should strive to support and protect wildlife by utilizing these strategies and others, such as creating and maintaining microhabitats. One of the primary challenges to contemporary conservation is addressing the increasing threat of the fragmentation of habitats suitable for sustaining wildlife. As humankind has increasingly developed lands to suit our needs, infrastructure, particularly streets and highways, has created dangerous obstacles surrounding the remaining pockets of natural habitat. Although birds and mammals comprise the most visible number of casualties, reptiles, amphibians, and even terrestrial insects are perhaps the most impacted by habitat fragmentation. The inability of these flightless animals to safely travel outside of their respective habitats has resulted in isolated “islands” of localized populations as well as decreased genetic diversity, which places species at an increased risk for local extinction. The Woods Hole Research Center states, “nearly every animal and plant species requires traveling some distance for nutrition and reproduction, but few conservation or climate mitigation strategies take the connections between conserved lands into account” (WHRC 2020). 6. Microhabitats Microhabitats are small pockets of land that support life. In many cases, microhabitats are the only means of supporting wildlife that would otherwise be absent within a given ecosystem. Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina), an Indiana Species of Special Concern, is particularly vulnerable to the lack of conservation corridors. a. Vernal Ponds Also known as ephemeral ponds, vernal ponds are temporary wetlands that provide critical seasonal resources for wildlife, including breeding areas for amphibians and insects, as well as migratory stopover points for birds. Rum Village Park has several areas that contain vernal ponds. Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) at Elbel Park Page 18 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan reduce carbon consumption. Typically, slopes, riparian areas, and otherwise unutilized, non-pedestrian land provide perfect opportunities for increasing wildlife habitat while reducing emissions and supporting the mission of the Department of Sustainability. As their names indicate, no-mow areas are areas left to natural succession. Low-mow areas are mowed occasionally, often once per year, usually to maintain grassland by eliminating tree saplings. In the case of these areas, timing is imperative, and mowing should take place at a time that will minimize the impact on wildflower and insect populations. A common strategy for creating additional wildlife microhabitats is the creation of no and low-mow zones. By reducing or eliminating mowing, VPA can convert otherwise unutilized spaces into ecologically productive habitats. These microhabitats provide many ecological benefits. They increase wildlife habitat, provide food and nectar sources for pollinators and other beneficial insects, they buffer and filter runoff, and they c. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas b. Dead and Downed Trees Dead and downed trees are an integral component of forest ecosystems. Cavity- nesting birds use the standing trunks. Salamanders and other amphibians rely on downed trees for shelter, and many species of fungi and insects live in and feed on the decomposing wood. VPA and Forestry should strive to leave standing and fallen trunks in place wherever possible, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as the wooded areas within Rum Village and Elbel Parks. Decomposing tree at Rum Village Park returning nutrients to the soil while providing wildlife habitat Bioswale, no-mow area at Howard Park Page 19 Integrated Ecological Principles Ecological Spotlight: A “low-mow” area of Elbel Park becomes essential habitat for beneficial insects. “A hungry dragonfly can eat its own weight of mosquitos in an hour.” — James R. Curry (Curry 2001) Dot-tailed whiteface (Leucorrhinia intacta) Blue dasher (Pachydiplax longipennis) Eastern pondhawk (Erythemis simplicicollis) Page 20 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 7. Trails and Wildlife Viewing Areas Trails and wildlife viewing areas are vital for educational and passive recreation activities such as nature study, photography, birdwatching, etc. When designing, updating, and managing park properties, care, and consideration should go into access to trails, viewing areas, and other infrastructure supporting passive recreation. Likewise, trail design and maintenance should always take into account sensitive habitats and other ecological considerations. The river overlook at Leeper Park will provide opportunities for both recreation and environmental education. 8. Outdoor Lighting The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) states that throughout history, life on Earth has relied on the natural cycles of light and dark. They go onto say that “Scientific evidence suggests that artificial light at night has negative and deadly effects on many creatures, including amphibians, birds, mammals, insects, and plants” (IDA 2020). Not only is the amount of light harmful to wildlife, but growing evidence suggests that the color temperature of the lights also plays a role, with the higher-temperature, bluer lights being the most detrimental (Longcore et al. 2018). Subsequently, South Bend Venues Parks and Arts should actively follow contemporary best practices for responsible outdoor lighting. These steps include reducing and eliminating excessive lights, ensuring that fixtures are directing light downward, and favoring the lower-temperature, warmer LED lamps. Page 21 Integrated Ecological Principles 10. Ecologically Degraded Properties Historically, many of South Bend’s park properties have been managed for recreation only. Others haven’t had resource management plans, which has resulted in an inundation of invasive species and other ecological degradations. Whenever possible, natural resource management planning should strive to restore and enhance ecologically degraded properties. 9. Routine Mowing Routine mowing near Brownfield Park Mowing is a high-impact, labor-intensive maintenance activity. It adds to our carbon footprint and creates a non-native, ecologically barren, monoculture. Excessive, overly-intrusive mowing reduces wildlife habitat and creates secondary damage by encouraging foot traffic and non-designated parking. However, turfgrass holds up well to foot traffic, and it provides an ideal surface for sports and leisure activities. Natural resource management should balance the recreational needs that turfgrass provides while striving to reduce mowing in areas that are underutilized by recreation, and that would benefit from increased natural habitat. “We have converted 62,500 sq miles (40 million acres) to suburban lawn in the U.S. This is over 8 times the size of New Jersey dedicated to an alien plant.” — Douglas Tallamy (UMD 2009) Page 22 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization Construction activities and invasive vegetation management on slopes and near waterways can potentially result in the degradation of riparian banks. Therefore, any such activities that threaten bank or slope stability or have a potential for soil runoff should also include a strategy for preserving the integrity of the slopes and banks. VPA staff and EAC members survey erosion near Governor Joe Kernan Park 12. Community Engagement and Education a. Volunteer Service Achieving many of the goals of the research management plan requires significant community volunteer service. Therefore, VPA must continue to build and maintain a strong core of volunteers. Volunteers can help the parks in many ways, and by leveraging the talents of each individual, volunteer coordinators can direct them to where they are the most effective. b. Regionally Focused Environmental Education Environmental education that once consisted of unstructured time outdoors now primarily consists of zoos and television programming featuring megafauna, dangerous animals, and exotic ecosystems from around the world. As such, today‘s youth lack knowledge of their local animals, plants, and natural resources. Re-establishing and maintaining a connection between people and their local environment is a vital component to 21st-century environmental stewardship. VPA should continue to create programs with an emphasis on local wildlife, plants, and natural resources and how they affect humans. Draw upon local success stories such as the return of nesting Bald Eagles and Peregrine Falcons, and the importance of the St. Joseph River. Zephyr, South Bend’s legendary patriarch Peregrine Falcon, who from 1999-2012, helped bring back the species from the brink of extinction, is on display at the Rum Village Nature Center. Page 23 Integrated Ecological Principles c. Institutional Environmental Education Although young people represent the future of environmental stewardship in South Bend, K-12 curriculum, ecological education is rare. Therefore, VPA shall continue to partner with the South Bend Community School Corporation, local colleges, homeschool groups, and other area schools to develop innovative environmental education programs designed to encourage and promote 21st-century ecological literacy. Numerous South Bend park properties such as Westhaven Park are adjacent to schools, thus providing opportunities for outreach and collaborative learning. d. Citizen Science The National Geographic Society defines citizen science as “the practice of public participation and collaboration in scientific research to increase scientific knowledge.” (NGS 2020). Through citizen science projects, participants contribute scientific data that is utilized by the greater scientific community, while broadening their understanding of the ecological sciences. Examples of citizen science projects include bioblitzes, breeding bird, frog, amphibian, and insect surveys, and water quality testing. By encouraging and supporting citizen science projects, VPA can compile and monitor the populations of animals and plants on park properties, which will aid in creating and adjusting resource management plans. “A critical aspect of the present-day crisis in education is that children are becoming separated from daily experience of the natural world.” ~Robin C. Moore and Herb H. Wong (Moore & Wong 2000) Page 24 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan E. Natural Resource Management Areas South Bend Venues Parks & Arts have three distinct categories of properties that they either manage or co-manage. 1. Sensitive Natural Zones — Directly Under VPA Control These zones represent ecologically significant areas of parks and other South Bend-owned properties that VPA directly oversees and manages. They contain some of the last remaining natural habitats in South Bend. Examples of these zones include, but are not limited to, portions of those areas listed in Appendix B, “Ecologically Sensitive Park Properties.” VPA‘s primary objective in managing these areas is the protection of natural resources for the current and future generations. The following guiding principles pertain to these natural zones: • Venues Parts and Arts will manage natural resources with a concern for fundamental ecological processes. Except for instances of Indiana State Listed Species, management will not be based solely on the preservation of individual species or features. Instead, management plans will strive to maintain all of the components and processes of naturally evolving ecosystems, including the abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of the plants and animals. • South Bend Venues Parks & Arts recognizes all parts of natural systems as Beck’s Lake at LaSalle Park Page 25 Natural Resource Management Areas significant, and that change is an integral part of functional ecosystems. Therefore, VPA will not seek to preserve natural systems in natural zones as static at a given point in time. • In sensitive natural zones, interference with natural processes will only be allowed: ◦ When directed by the Board of Park Commissioners ◦ In emergencies when human life and property are at risk ◦ When restoring native ecosystem functionality altered by human activity, and with the council and guidance from the Ecological Advocacy Committee • Ecosystem damage caused by past human activity may require mitigation and restoration. When a historically accurate natural system is no longer attainable, VPA should utilize prevailing scientific theory and methodologies to attain the closest possible approximation. • VPA and its community partners will monitor evolving plant and animal populations, and the human influences on them, to detect any significant unnatural changes. • In the natural zone, VPA will take care to ensure that visitor uses and activities are appropriate for the property, and there may be situations in which the Executive Director may choose to close or limit public access to certain areas to protect the resources. “Our parks and preserves are not mere picnicking places. They are rich storehouses of memories and reveries. They are guides and counsels to the weary and faltering in spirit. They are bearers of wonderful tales to him who will listen; a solace to the aged and an inspiration to the young.” — Colonel Richard Lieber (Murphy 2006) Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is one of over a dozen Indiana State Listed plants occurring on VPA properties. Page 26 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan The operations of South Bend Venues Parks & Arts extend to several spaces not directly under VPA control. Included in this category are lands along the St. Joseph River and its tributaries, and the wetlands adjacent to Elbel Park. Within these areas, VPA will act as a responsible partner and ensure that operations comply with all regulations and guidelines. VPA will work to form cooperative partnerships with other municipal, county, state, and federal agencies as well as with private landowners. 2. Sensitive Natural Zones — Not Directly Under VPA Control Cedar Lake forms part of the eastern boundary of Elbel Park. Students from the University of Notre Dame study the feasibility of converting the “35th Street Wetlands“ drainage basin into a South Bend Park property. “Our city’s genius is taking what we’ve already got, seeing a new value in it, and refashioning it for modern times.” — Mayor Pete Buttigieg (SBVPA 2020) Page 27 Natural Resource Management Areas 3. Park Recreation Zones Park recreation zones are those that South Bend Venues Parks and Arts manages and maintains for intensive visitor use. No longer ecologically natural, these areas, sometimes referred to as “impacted acres,” often contain roads, walks, buildings, and other visitor and management facilities. VPA will strive to integrate “green infrastructure” into these properties as one means of mitigating the loss of their ecological value. In recreation zones adjacent to natural zones, management will seek to create and maintain the most natural environment possible. This management may involve the manipulation of natural resources, but any such alterations should be the minimum necessary to achieve the planned use. VPA will evaluate actions taken within managed and maintained active use spaces for their environmental impact. If substantial natural resources are involved, the Executive Director will consult the Ecological Advocacy Committee for recommendations. If the effect from the proposed actions is negligible and natural resources remain essentially unchanged, the Executive Director’s management team will guide the process. Example: A utility company requests an underground easement through Howard Park. The proposed route does not alter the impacted acreage of the park, and it has little to no impact on its flora or fauna. In this example, the VPA management team will work with the utility to minimize any possible adverse effects. Mitigation issues will be zero to modest and will be addressed by agreement prior to the Board authorizing the easement. The splash pad at Southeast Park Page 28 VI. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES A. Land and Aquatic Resources 1. Application of Chemicals Key Considerations: Park management can include the use of fertilizers and herbicides. Eutrophication, an excess of nutrients frequently cause by runoff, and excessive use of herbicides can have lethal and sublethal effects on aquatic organisms. They also have the potential to degrade ecological communities and ecosystem function. Strategy: Develop and implement best management practice (BMP) guidance for the application of fertilizer and herbicide in or adjacent to aquatic resources. Process: 1. VPA and EAC develop BMP guidance. 2. Train F&G staff on implementation.3. Implement BMPs at all sensitive natural properties and park recreation areas. 4. Monitor water quality and biological indicators to assess the benefit of BMP implementation. Time Frame: Begin process in 2021. Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.7, SP Obj 2.2 and 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB1, VB4. SJRWMP pgs 14-18. Native wild raspberries and grapes at O’Brien Park Page 29 Management Strategies 2. Aquatic Resources Inventory and Assessment Key Considerations: Baseline measures of aquatic resource condition and water quality will help us to effectively track progress towards the ultimate goal of “healthy aquatic resources.” Process: 1. VPA and consultants map all aquatic resources (wetlands, ponds, streams) wholly within and adjacent to VPA property boundaries. 2. Characterize baseline water quality (chemical and biological indicators, and habitat conditions) for these identified resources. Time Frame: 2021 and then updated annually. Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.7, NRMP VA1, VB4. RFTCF 02, SJRWMP. Strategy: Map and characterize aquatic resources and water quality for all wetlands, ponds, streams, and rivers in and adjacent to VPA properties. Bowman Creek, a tributary to the St. Joseph River, passing through Ravina Park 3. Vegetation Buffers Page 30 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Key Considerations: Natural vegetation buffers act to stabilize shorelines by preventing erosion. They also filter contaminants before they enter waterways, and they provide microhabitats and habitat corridors for the benefit of native plants and animals. Systems without adequate riparian vegetation are susceptible to degradation via increased sedimentation, non- point source pollution, increased solar exposure, and subsequent thermal stress. The creation, restoration, and maintenance of natural vegetation buffers will facilitate the goal of aquatic resource and water quality protection. Process: 1. VPA and consultants map and characterize existing vegetation buffers for all aquatic resources (wetlands, ponds, streams) wholly within and adjacent to VPA property boundaries. 2. VPA and EAC create BMPs for natural vegetation buffers. 3. Train VPA F&G staff and other relevant entities on BMPs.4. VPA staff work to restore and create new vegetation buffers, focusing first on “sensitive natural zones directly under VPA control.” 5. VPA implement education and outreach programs to enhance community understanding of the value of natural vegetation buffers. Time Frame: Beginning 2021 Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.7 and pgs 45-46, SP Obj 2.2 and 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB1, VD6c, 9, and 11, RFTCF pg 49, SJRWMP. Strategy: Create, Restore, and Maintain Natural Vegetation Buffers “The establishment and preservation of buffers and natural floodplains (by policy, code, or ordinance) may be the single most important component of any plan to mitigate the impacts of storm water runoff. Once these features are lost, mitigation of stormwater runoff becomes more complicated and costly.” — St. Joseph River Watershed Management Plan (DeGraves 2005) Page 31 Management Strategies Ecological Spotlight: Increasing Native Vegetation Buffers at Pinhook Park Filters Pollutants and Creates Wildlife Habitat Three-squared bulrush (Schoenoplectus pungens) Fogfruit (Phyla lanceolata) Peck’s skipper (Polites peckius) drinking nectar from buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) Page 32 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 4. River Windows Key Considerations: “River Windows” are human- made openings in the tree canopy designed to provide enhanced, scenic river views. They are also potential sources for slope destabilization, erosion, and the introduction and spread of invasive vegetation. Process: VPA and EAC review the procedures for the creation and implementation of river windows. Create guidelines for best management practices and examine the need for policy changes. Time Frame: 2021 and then reviewed annually Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.7, SP Obj 2.2 and 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB1, VD7 and 11, RFTCF pg 9, SJRWMP. Strategy: Review the procedures for the creation and implementation of river windows. Create guidelines for best management practices. River window along Riverside Drive near the Coal Line Trail Page 33 Management Strategies 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization Key Considerations: Impacts from construction projects, maintenance, invasive species removal, creation of river windows, etc. can introduce sedimentary and chemical pollution into waterways to the detriment of water and habitat quality, and biota. Excessive erosion, including undercut stream banks, sloughing shorelines, etc. can also threaten property and human health and well-being. Process: 1. VPA and EAC develop BMP guidance. 2. Train F&G staff on the implementation of BMPs. 3. Implement BMPs at all sensitive natural properties and park recreation areas. 4. Monitor water quality and biological indicators to assess the benefits of BMP implementation. Time Frame: 2021 and then updated annually Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.7 and pgs 45-46, SP Obj 2.2 and 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB1, VB4, VD11. RFTCF pg 9, SJRWMP. Strategy: Develop and implement best management practice (BMP) guidance for shoreline management and stabilization. Bank erosion at Plaza Park Page 34 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 6. Ecologically Sensitive VPA Properties Strategy: Maintain a list of VPA properties that are of high ecological value. Key Considerations: Unless identified as such, properties with high ecological value are subject to damage from development and incorrect or insufficient management plans. Identification of these properties, along with their ecologically sensitive elements, will help to guide property-specific management plans. Process: EAC and VPA to periodically review and update the list of ecologically sensitive park properties. Time Frame: Ongoing Informing Documents: NRMP VA1, VB4, and VE1. Woodlawn Park, an ecologically sensitive property, contains both hillsides and shorelines. Page 35 Without site-specific management plans, resources such as the swale at Ponader Park are in danger of damage from overreaching mowing. 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans Strategy: Create park-specific resource management plans. Key Considerations: The lack of property-specific management plans threatens wildlife by requiring interpretation from VPA staff and contractors. Process: VPA and EAC work to create comprehensive resource management plans for ecologically sensitive park properties. Time Frame: VPA and EAC to begin creating plans in 2021. Informing Documents: MP Obj 1.1, SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1. Page 36 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Strategy: Protect public parkland by adopting a policy that will strive to increase park property, while also protecting existing land by requiring environmental impact studies, remuneration, and other forms of mitigation as conditions of their disposal. Key Considerations: Currently, little protection is in place for safeguarding against the disposal of VPA properties, including those that are ecologically sensitive. Process: VPA and EAC to draft policy for consideration by the Park Board of Commissioners. Time Frame: 2022 Informing Documents: NRMP VA1, and VA2. 8. Parkland Protection The area of parkland next to the Potawatomi Greenhouse was formerly under consideration as a location for a fire station. Page 37 Management Strategies 9. Outdoor Lighting Strategy: Develop and implement best management practice (BMP) guidance for the implementation of outdoor lighting on park properties. Key Considerations: Without standardized methods and procedures, the design, installation, and maintenance of exterior park lighting become potentially inconsistent with the guiding principles for responsible outdoor lighting. Process: 1. VPA Facilities & Grounds create and maintain an inventory of all outdoor lighting fixtures on VPA property. This inventory should include the location, lamp type, color temperature, fixture type, and ownership. 2. EAC, VPA, and expert consultants create exterior lighting BMPS. 3. F&G strives to adhere to BMPs. 4. VPA/EAC present BMP guidance to the Park Board of Commissioners for consideration into policy. Time Frame: Beginning in 2021 Informing Documents: SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1 and VD8. A plethora of outdoor lighting fixtures at the Byers Softball Complex 10. Recycling Page 38 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Strategy: Develop and implement a comprehensive recycling program for VPA properties. Process: VPA work with the Department of Sustainability and other entities to determine the feasibility and steps towards implementing a recycling system. Time Frame: Beginning 2021 Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.6, SP Obj 2.3, NRMP IVB3, VA1, VB3. Key Considerations: Without a department-wide recycling system, materials suitable for recycling are instead discarded to the landfill. As a community leader in environmental matters, VPA should set an example for citizens of South Bend by employing a means of recycling. Trash barrel containing recyclable materials at Coquillard Park. Page 39 Management Strategies 1. Wildlife Monitoring Strategy: Partner with schools, community organizations, national organizations, and other institutions to develop a protocol for monitoring wildlife on VPA and VPA associated properties. Key Considerations: The lack of a coordinated system to monitor wildlife leaves us without a dataset to guide and evaluate wildlife protection policies. Process: VPA naturalists and EAC to develop wildlife monitoring protocols and reach out to potential partnering community organizations. Time Frame: Begin monitoring in 2021 Informing Documents: MP Strat 1.1.3 and 1.4.4. SP Obj 2.5, NRMP VA1, VB4, VB12 a and d, and VD2. Red Headed Woodpeckers, once common at Rum Village, have become increasingly rare. B. Wildlife Page 40 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 2. Wildlife Protection: Ordinances, Policies, Procedures, and Enforcement Strategy: Evaluate existing ordinances, policies, procedures, and enforcement methods, involving potentially ecologically damaging park activities. Report the findings and make suggestions for improvements. Key Considerations: Impacts from recreation and illegal activities threaten wildlife populations. Activities include, but are not limited to: • Improper disposal of fishing equipment and helium balloons • Encroachment from recreational activities that potentially impact nesting bird populations • Use of drones • Off-leash dogs • Dumping/relocation of unwanted domestic animals and trapped wildlife Process: VPA and EAC evaluate and issue a summarizing report. Work with South Bend Common Council, South Bend Animal Resource Center (SBARC), and other city agencies where applicable. Time Frame: Beginning 2021 Informing Documents: MP Strat 1.1.3, SP Obj 2.2 and 2.3. NRMP VA1, VA7, and VB1. Improperly discarded fishing gear at Pinhook Park Page 41 Management Strategies 3. Nuisance Wildlife Management Strategy: Create and maintain a comprehensive nuisance wildlife management plan. Key Considerations: Nuisance wildlife is defined as native animals whose behavior or presence is posing public health risks, causing property damage, or are posing general nuisance issues. Failure to have a comprehensive management plan could lead to unanticipated public misconceptions, unintended harm to wildlife, and increased populations of nuisance wildlife. Process: VPA, EAC coordinate with other municipalities to create a management plan. Time Frame: Begin process in 2021 Informing Documents: MP page 61, SP Obj 2.3, and NRMP VA1. Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) at Pinhook Park Page 42 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 1. Trees: Standards and Care Document 4. Injured Wildlife Procedures Strategy: Create and maintain a comprehensive, injured wildlife handling procedure. Key Considerations: Without defined standards, injured wildlife may not be receiving timely treatment from rehabilitators. Process: VPA and EAC create a plan and present to VPA management or Park Board for adoption into procedure or policy. Time Frame: 2021 with annual review Informing Documents: NRMP VA1. C. Trees and Vegetation Strategy: Develop and maintain a document that specifies expected standards of care and maintenance of trees planted and cared for by city agencies and contractors. Key Considerations: Many trees die unnecessarily due to improper planting, watering, soil compaction, and root damage. Incorrect pruning can result in disfigurement, disease, and rot. Process: City Forester, VPA, EAC and potentially a professional consultant develop a “tree standards and care” document. Submit this document for reference or inclusion as an appendix in Standards and Specifications. Time Frame: 2021-2022 Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1, SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1, and VB3. Page 43 Management Strategies 2. Master Tree Planting List Strategy: Continue to maintain a “master tree planting list” to guide both landowners and contractors. Emphasize the use of native trees over exotic trees. Review and revise this list annually to reflect new cultivars and invasive species. Process: City Forester, VPA, EAC and potentially a professional consultant update the master tree planting list. Time Frame: Beginning 2021 and then updated annually. Infoming Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1 and Strat 3.5.3, NRMP VA1, VD2, VD3, and VD4. Native red oak (Quercus rubra) — (top) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) — (right) at Erskine Park in October Key Considerations: The science that guides urban forestry is ever-evolving. Introduced pests, disease, invasive species, climate change, and the development of new cultivars all influence tree species selection and planting. Trees suitable for backyards and large-sized properties are often not appropriate for the tree and lawn areas. Without an up-to-date guiding document of trees recommended for planting, contractors and property owners often make misguided choices that result in safety hazards, unnecessary expenses, and liabilities. Process: City Forester, VPA, and EAC work together to develop marketing materials. Time Frame: 2020 for 2021 and then ongoing Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1 and Strat 3.5.3, VA1, VD2, VD3, and VD4. Page 44 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Strategy: Create educational materials (brochures, website content, etc.) advocating the use of native trees Key Considerations: Promote the use of native trees and to support changes to the list of prohibited vegetation by providing native alternatives. 3. Native Trees — Educational Materials Ecological Spotlight: Native Tree Plantings at Pulaski Park Support Butterflies Northern Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) is the sole northern Indiana larval host plant for Indiana’s only two species of emperor butterflies. Hackberry Emperor (Asterocampa celtis) Tawny Emperor (Asterocampa clyton) Page 45 Management Strategies Reasons: Trees on city property are trimmed and removed for various causes including, disease, rot, utility intrusions, sidewalk replacement, code violations, and control of invasive species. Because trees are typically long-lived and highly-valued, their trimming and removal often evoke strong emotions and pushback from the community. 5. Tree Trimming and Removal — Educational Materials Strategy: Create and maintain educational materials on tree trimming and removal, including brochures and web pages. Process: City Forester, VPA, and EAC work to create educational materials. Time Frame: 2022 Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1, NRMP VA1 and VB1. VPA Forestry manages and maintains the oak-hickory savanna at Muessel Grove Park. 4. Hazardous Tree Evaluation Strategy: Maintain and periodically review South Bend’s hazardous tree evaluation form. Key Considerations: A standardized hazardous tree assessment protocol is necessary for consistent practices and methods of tree evaluation and removal. Evaluating and recording the health of South Bend’s trees also helps to protect the city from potential liability. Process: City Forester, VPA, and EAC work to review the hazardous tree evaluation form. Time Frame: 2021-2022 Informing Documents: SP Obj 2.3 and Obj 2.7, NRMP VA1. Page 46 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Reason: Increase habitat diversity through community engagement. Giving away native trees is leading by example. 6. Arbor Day Tree Giveaways Strategy: Strive to distribute only trees native to northern Indiana at Arbor Day and other events. Process: City Forester and EAC work together to select native trees for the event. Time Frame: 2021 and then ongoing Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1, NRMP VA1 and VD1. “Someone’s sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a long time ago.” – Warren Buffett (Kilpatrick 2002)Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) in Leeper Park was planted in 1932 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to commemorate George Washington’s 200th birthday. Page 47 Management Strategies 7. South Bend City Code Strategy: Prohibit the sale, distribution, and installation of invasive vegetation, as defined by the Indiana Invasive Species Council, in South Bend through the revision of Chapter 19 of South Bend City Code. Reason: The Indiana Natural Resources Commission has recently enacted a rule prohibiting the sale of 44 species of invasive vegetation in Indiana. However, it excludes numerous “officially invasive” trees and plants popular with the nursery and landscape trades. Process: EAC and VPA to work with the PARC Committee of South Bend Common Council to revise ordinances. EAC and VPA to launch a supporting educational campaign. Time Frame: Continue work begun in 2018. Informing Documents: NRMP VA1, VB1, and VD2. A monoculture of the groundcover periwinkle (Vinca minor) covering the hillside at Veteran’s Memorial Park. Although listed as officially invasive in Indiana, nurseries and garden centers continue to sell and promote it. Page 48 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 8. VPA Staff Invasive Species Training Strategy: Establish a protocol to train VPA staff on the identification and removal of invasive vegetation. Reason: Invasive trees and plants are a threat to ecology, and they exist on virtually every VPA property. Many outbreaks are manageable when caught early, and VPA maintenance crews are the first line of defense. Process: EAC and VPA to develop and implement a training protocol for VPA staff. Time frame: Begin framework in 2021. Informing Documents: MP Obj 1.4.3, SP Obj 5.6, NRMP VA1, VB1, VD3. Invasive plants poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) along the path at Frederickson Prairie Page 49 Management Strategies 9. “State Listed” Plants Strategy: Create and maintain a list of Indiana “state-listed” plants located on VPA properties. Establish a monitoring protocol and standards to protect the populations of these plants. Reason: State “listed,” otherwise known as “Endangered, Threatened, Rare, and Watch List” species are those designated by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources as having varying degrees of imperilment in Indiana. Failure to monitor and protect these species could result in local extirpation. Process: EAC and VPA to begin compiling a list of state-listed plants and a plan to implement a monitoring protocol. Time Frame: Begin compiling in 2021. Informing Documents: SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB4, VD4, and VE1. The carnivorous round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) is an Indiana “Watch List” species that grows in the wetlands around Elbel Park. Page 50 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 11. Master Planting List 10. Invasive Plant Management Plan Strategy: Create a guide to recommended shrubs, vines, forbs, and grasses to serve as a companion guide to the Master Tree Planting List. Reason: Without guidance from ecological experts, landowners and contractors rely heavily on the nursery trade for species selection, which often results in the installation of plants and trees of low to negative ecological value. Process: Process: VPA staff, including City Horticulturist, EAC, and potentially consultants, develop a master guide to recommended landscape plants. Time Frame: TBD Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.5.1 and 3.5.3, NRMP VA1, VD1, VD2, VD3, and VD4. Strategy: Create an Invasive Vegetation Assessment and Management Plan. Reason: For reasons outlined in VD2, invasive vegetation continues to cause significant damage to South Bend’s ecosystems. One of the first steps towards mitigation and removal is accurately assessing the situation and developing a comprehensive management plan. Process: City Forester, City Horticulturist, other VPA staff, EAC, and potential consultants to develop an invasive vegetation management plan. Explore grant opportunities to help with funding. Time Frame: TBD Informing Documents: SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1, VD1 and VD3. Page 51 Management Strategies 1. Interpretive Signs D. Education and Community Engagement Strategy: Assess the needs and opportunities for interpretive signs at individual park properties. Strive to provide adequate funding for their creation and maintenance. Key Considerations: Interpretive signs perform many functions. They explain ecological features, and they reinforce VPA’s commitment to environmental stewardship. They protect natural resources by providing guidelines for expectations and proper use of park facilities, and they provide opportunities for self-learning. Missing or insufficient signage can result in lost educational opportunities and a diminished understanding of our natural resources. Process: VPA staff and contractors should work with the Ecological Advocacy Committee and other experts to assess, design, and develop signs and other interpretive items. Time Frame: 2021 and ongoing Informing Documents: MP Strat 6.3.6, NRMP VA1, VB1, and VD12b. Interpretive sign at Howard Park written and co-designed by EAC Page 52 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 2. Neighborhood-level Programming Strategy: Increase neighborhood-level ecological programming and education by focusing on the natural features of South Bend’s individual park properties. Increase interpretive signage, develop citizen science projects and self-guided learning. Utilize technological tools such as the Mobile Experience Lab. Key Considerations: Ecologically informed citizens play a vital role in the health and well being of South Bend, but without access to quality environmental education, children and adults alike have a diminished ability to recognize, understand, and appreciate healthy ecosystems. With environmental programming taking place at only one or two centralized locations, many South Bend residents lack the opportunity to participate. Process: VPA and EAC work together to assess neighborhood-level programming. Brainstorm ideas for increased outreach. Summarize ideas into a neighborhood outreach document. Time Frame: Beginning like2021 and ongoing with annual review Informing Documents: MP Strat 3.4.1, SP Obj 3.6, NRMP VA1 and VD12d. The Mobile Experience Lab “Boomer” at LaSalle Park Page 53 Management Strategies 3. Park Stewardship Program Key Considerations: To increase community investment and pride in their neighborhood parks, and to create a system in which key individuals from the community would have a more direct line of communication to VPA to report problems. Process: VPA Volunteer Coordinator to work with various VPA departments and with EAC to develop the program. Time Frame: Begin 2022 Informing Documents: MP Strat 1.4.4 and Strat 2.2.10, SP Obj 2.5 and Obj 2.6, NRMP VA1, VB3, and VB12a. Strategy: Develop a site stewardship program, whereas volunteers from the community serve as site monitors for various park properties. These individuals would make routine inspections of their assigned parks and report problems and concerns, ecological and otherwise, to designated VPA contacts. Unlawfully dumped grass clippings threaten native wetland plants at Frederickson Prairie. Page 54 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 4. Ecological Assessment of Parks Strategy: Compile an ecological features assessment of all park properties and strive to add additional environmental learning tools such as pollinator and rain gardens, no-mow areas, etc. Key Considerations: Many neighborhood parks are ecological deserts that do not contain elements useful for environmental education. Lack of access to natural features leads to a systemic devaluing of natural areas and functioning ecosystems. Process: VPA naturalists, Facilities and Grounds, and EAC work to compile an ecological features list that includes exploring and developing opportunities to add additional elements. Time Frame: Beginning 2021 with park-specific management plans, and then ongoing Informing Documents: MP Obj 1.5, SP Obj 2.3, NRMP VA1, VB4, VD2, VD6, and VD10. Aside from several mature trees, Voorde park is devoid of ecological elements. A nature-rich city is about more than energy efficiency; it’s about beauty, health, biodiversity and creativity, and social justice...All children need nature - not just the kids with parents who appreciate nature, or those of a certain economic class, sexual identity or set of abilities. Every child — Richard Louv (Louv 2016). Page 55 Management Strategies 6. Environmentally-themed Recreation 5. Special Event Programming Strategy: Utilize existing events such as Best Week Ever and Back the Bend to promote environmental education. Create new interpretive programs to showcase recent and ongoing park improvements Key Considerations: See 2. Neighborhood Level Programing. Process: VPA staff, volunteers, and EAC create and implement new programs and expand outreach. Time Frame: 2021 and then ongoing Standards and Principles: NRMP VA1 and VD12. Key Considerations: The majority of park users come to the parks for recreational purposes only, and leave without receiving any environmental education, which results in a missed opportunity to educate about the natural features of South Bend parks. Process: VPA to collaborate with EAC to create an actionable list of opportunities. Time Frame: 2021 and then updated annually. Standards and Principles: NRMP VA1, VA4, and VD12. Strategy: Create environmental-themed recreation opportunities and incorporate environmental education into recreational activities. Examples include, but are not limited to, interpretive signage near fishing stations and boat launches, geocaching, nature scavenger hunts, self-guided park tours that utilize QR codes, and a local junior pin or patch program. Page 56 Beck, G. K. Zimmerman, J.D. Schardt, J. Stone, R.R. Lukens, S. Reichard, J. Randall, A.A. Cangelosi, D. Cooper, J.P. Thompson. 2006. Invasive species defined in a policy context: recommendations from the federal invasive species advisory committee. Invasive Plant Science and Management 1(4):414-421. [accessed 2020 Aug 29]. https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/ uploads/invasive_species_defined_in_a_policy_context.pdf [COBD1] Convention on Biological Diversity. 2020. Topics. [accessed 2020 May 23]. https:// www.cbd.int/topics [COBD2] Convention on Biological Diversity. 2020. Climate change and biodiversity. [accessed 2020 May 23]. https://www.cbd.int/climate Curry J. 2001. Dragonflies of Indiana. Indianapolis (IN): Indiana Academy of Science. DeGraves A. 2005. St. Joseph River watershed management plan. Friends of the St. Joseph River Association. [accessed 2020 Sept 1]. http://www.state.in.us/idem/nps/files/wmp_ stjoeriver-lakemich_01-399.pdf [IDA] International Dark-Sky Association. 2020. Light pollution effects on wildlife and ecosystems. International Dark-Sky Association. [accessed 2020 Jun 3]. https://www.darksky. org/about Jones Petrie Rafinski, 2014. South Bend Park and Recreation Master Plan. [accessed 2020 Sept 1]. https://sbvpa.org/wp-content/uploads/SBPRD-Master-Plan_2014-09-11.pdf Kilpatrick A. 2002. Of permanent value. Birmingham (AL): Andrew Kilpatrick Publishing Empire. Leopold A. 1949. A sand county almanac and sketches here and there. New York (NY): Oxford University Press. Longcore T, Rodríguez A, Witherington B, Penniman JF, Herf L, Herf M. 2018. Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night. JEZ-A Ecological and Integrative Physiology. 329: 511-521. Louv R. 2016. 12 Principles for a Nature Rich City. Children and Nature Network. [accessed 2020 Sept 1]. https://www.childrenandnature.org/2016/10/18/12-principles-for-a-nature-rich- city/ Moore R, Wong H. 2000. Natural learning: the life history of an environmental schoolyard. Berkely (CA): Mig Communications. REFERENCES Page 57 References Murphy G. 2006. Looking back moving forward. Outdoor Indiana. Indianapolis (IN): Indiana Department of Natural Resources. [NGS] National Geographic Society. 2020. Citizen science. National Geographic Society. [Accessed 27 May 2020]. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/citizen-science Perri A. 2018. Dare to Embrace Failure. [accessed 2020 Aug 30]. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Mu9uw2dqCno Rhodes JR, Lunney D, Callaghan J, McAlpine CA. 2014. A few large roads or many small ones? How to accommodate growth in vehicle numbers to minimize impacts on wildlife. PloS one, 9(3), e91093. [Accessed 15 August 2020] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3960131/ Rockstorm J. 2015. Leaving our children nothing. The Japan Times. [Accessed Aug 31 2020] https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2015/10/05/commentary/world-commentary/leaving-our-children-nothing/ Roosevelt TR. 1907. Address of President Roosevelt to the Deep Waterway Convention at Memphis, Tennessee. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office. [SBCS] South Bend Department of Sustainability. Sustainability. South Bend Indiana. 2020 [accessed 2020 Aug 5]. https://southbendin.gov/department/public-works/sustainability/ [SBVPA] South Bend Venues Parks & Arts. 2020. My SB Parks and Trails is important for South Bend. [accessed 2020 Aug31]. https://sbvpa.org/purpose/ [SBVPASP] South Bend Venues Parks & Arts. 2014. Planning a more livable South Bend for all: Venues Parks & Arts strategic plan 2017-2021 [accessed 2020 Sept 8]. https://sbvpa.org/wp- content/uploads/2017-2021-VPA-Strategic-Plan-COMP.pdf Smithgroup JJR. 2017. South Bend Riverfront Parks & Trails Conceptual Framework. [accessed 2020 Sept 9]. http://anyflip.com/phax/gwpt/basic Tallamy D. 2011. Aliens. Wings: Essays on Vertebrate Conservation. The Xerces Society. [Accessed May 22, 2020]. https://backyardhabitats.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Aliens-by-Douglas-Tallamy.pdf [UMD] University of Maryland Extension. 2009. Fact sheet from presentation by Doug Tallamy. [Accessed 31 Aug 2020]. https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/_ docs/programs/master-gardeners/Montgomery/Tallamy%20Handout1.pdf Page 58 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan [USGCRP] United States Global Change Research Program. 2018. Impacts, risks, and adaptations in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program. [accessed 2020 Jun 9] https://nca2018.globalchange. gov/. White L, Forester J, Craft M, 2018, Disease outbreak thresholds emerge from interactions between movement behavior, landscape structure, and epidemiology. [ebook] St. Paul: Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota. [Accessed 15 August 2020]. https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/28/7374.full.pdf. [WHRC] Wood Hole Research Center. 2020. Ecosystems and climate change. Woods Hole Research Center. [accessed 2020 Jun 9]. https://whrc.org/project/ecosystems-and-climate-change/ Page 59 The topics presented below were created by the Ecological Advocacy Committee for the 2017 Natural Resource Management Plan (NRMP) and revised for the 2020 edition. Following each item is a reference to the 2021 NRMP principles and strategies that address the concern. Aquatic Resource Management 1. Topics/Concerns: • “Maintain/improve water quality“ ◦ “Water quality testing” • “Protect/maintain wetlands, ponds, rivers and streams” Resolutions:V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 6. Microhabitats c. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas 11. Erosion and Bank StabilizationVI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources 1. Application of Chemicals 2. Aquatic Resources Inventory and Assessment 3. Vegetation Buffers4. River Windows 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization 2. Topic/Concern: • “Create/restore/maintain natural vegetation buffers” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 6. Microhabitatsc. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources 3. Vegetation Buffers APPENDIX A: IDENTIFIED CONCERNS Page 60 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Aquatic Resource Management (Continued) 3. Topic/Concern: • “Use best management practices when applying fertilizers/herbicides” Resolution:VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources 1. Application of Chemicals 4. Topic/Concern: • “Best practices techniques for properties adjacent to natural aquatic resources” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles6. Microhabitats c. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources1. Application of Chemicals 3. Vegetation Buffers 4. River Windows 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization 5. Topic/Concern: • “Bank management and stabilization, including attention to the practices determining the creation and maintenance of the River Windows project.” Resolutions:V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources4. River Windows 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization Page 61 Appendix A Education 1. Topics/Concerns: • “Increase public awareness and outreach “ ◦ “Develop interpretive signage” ◦ “Neighborhood reach” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 12. Community Engagement and Educationa. Volunteer Service d. Citizen Science VI. Management Strategies D. Education and Community Engagement 1. Interpretive Signs2. Neighborhood-level Programming 3. Park Stewardship Program 2. Topics/Concerns: • “Develop nature programs and events to promote city values”◦ “Develop programs in conjunction with the SB Community SchoolCorp.” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles12. Community Engagement and Education b. Regionally Focused Environmental Education c. Institutional Environmental Education 3. Concern/Topic:• “Include rec. opportunities as educational tools” Resolutions: VI. Management Strategies D. Education and Community Engagement6. Environmentally-themed Recreation Page 62 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Land Policies 1. Concern/Topic: • “Identify properties based on ecological value” Resolution:VI. Management Strategies D. Education and Community Engagement 4. Ecological Assessment of Parks 2. Concern/Topic:• “Balance recreational use with environmental responsibility” Resolution: V. Guiding Principals and Procedures A. General Principles and Considerations 4. Recreation and Other Factors Impacting Natural Resource Management 3. Concern/Topic: • “Expand/improve trail infrastructure and nature viewing areas” Resolution: V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 7. Trails and Wildlife Viewing Areas 4. Concerns/Topics: • “Control erosion and restore degraded properties in select areas” Resolutions:V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 10. Ecologically Degraded Properties 11. Erosion and Bank Stabilization VI. Management StrategiesA. Land and Aquatic Resources 3. Vegetation Buffers 4. River Windows 5. Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization D. Education and Community Engagement4. Ecological Assessment of Parks Page 63 Appendix A Land Policies (Continued) 5. Concern/Topic:• “Establish a policy to protect city parks while striving to acquire additional land” Resolution: VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources8. Parkland Protection 6. Concern/Topic: • “Citizen science involvement” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 12. Community Engagement and Education d. Environmentally-themed Recreation 7. Concern/Topic: • “Responsible practices for outdoor lighting that include concerns for the night sky and wildlife impacts” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 8. Outdoor Lighting VI. Management StrategiesA. Land and Aquatic Resources 9. Outdoor Lighting Page 64 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Management of Trees 1. Concerns/Topics:• “Tree removal/trimming standards” ◦ “Education efforts on why these standards are used” ◦ “Include a hazard tree protocol” Resolutions: VI. Management Strategies C. Trees and Vegetation1. Trees: Standards and Care Document 4. Hazardous Tree Evaluation 5. Tree Trimming and Removal — Educational Materials 2. Concerns/Topics:• “Comprehensive tree maintenance policy” ◦ “Species to plant” ◦ “Standards for care” Resolutions:VI. Management Strategies C. Trees and Vegetation 1. Trees: Standards and Care Document 2. Master Tree Planting List 3. Concern/Topic: • “Replant and restore native trees to maintain diversity” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principals and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 2. Biodiversity 4. Native Plants VI. Management StrategiesC. Trees and Vegetation 2. Master Tree Planting List Page 65 Appendix A Management of Trees (Continued) 4. Concern/Topic: • “Preserve microhabitats that support wildlife (downed trees, standing dead trees, etc.)” Resolution:V. Guiding Principles and Procedures A. Land and Aquatic Resources 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans D. Integrated Ecological Principles 6. Microhabitatsb. Dead and Downed Trees 5. Concern/Topic: • “Manage and control invasive tree species” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures A. Land and Aquatic Resources 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans D. Integrated Ecological Principles3. Invasive Species VI. Management Strategies C. Trees and Vegetation 7. South Bend City Code 8. VPA Staff Invasive Species Training10. Invasive Plant Management Plan Page 66 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Vegetation Management 1. Concern/Topic: • “Remove/control invasive species” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and ProceduresD. Integrated Ecological Principles 3. Invasive Species VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources 7. Park Specific Resource Management PlansC. Trees and Vegetation 7. South Bend City Code 8. VPA Staff Invasive Species Training 10. Invasive Plant Management Plan 2. Concern/Topic: • “Maintain/promote/restore native plant species” Resolutions: V. Guiding Principals and ProceduresD. Integrated Ecological Principles 2. Biodiversity 4. Native Plants VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans C. Trees and Vegetation 2. Master Tree Planting List 11. Master Planting List 3. Concern/Topic: • “Monitor/protect listed species” Resolutions: VI. Management StrategiesC. Trees and Vegetation 9. State “Listed” Plants Page 67 Appendix A Vegetation Management (Continued) 4. Concern/Topic: • “Preserve habitat which supports wildlife” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 5. Conservation Corridors6. Microhabitats 5. Concern/Topic: • “Best practices for mowing and chemical application” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 6. Microhabitats c. No-Mow and Low-Mow Areas9. Routine Mowing VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources 1. Application of Chemicals 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans 6. Concern/Topic: • “List of native plants and tree species for preferred planting.” Resolutions:VI. Management Strategies C. Trees and Vegetation 2. Master Tree Planting List 11. Master Planting List Page 68 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan Wildlife Management 1. Concern/Topic: • “Monitor/protect native wildlife” Resolution: V. Guiding Principles and ProceduresD. Integrated Ecological Principles 5. Conservation Corridors 6. Microhabitats 12. Community Engagement and Education a. Volunteer Servicec. Citizen Science VI. Management Strategies B. Wildlife 1. Wildlife Monitoring 2. Wildlife Protection: Policies, Ordinances, and Enforcement7. Injured Wildlife Procedures 2. Concern/Topic: • “Nuisance wildlife management ” Resolutions: VI. Management Strategies B. Wildlife 4. Nuisance Wildlife Management 3. Concern/Topic: • “Maximize biodiversity with habitat enhancement” ◦ “Support butterflies, moths and birds by planting native food sources” Resolutions:V. Guiding Principles and Procedures D. Integrated Ecological Principles 2. Biodiversity 4. Native Plants 5. Conservation Corridors6. Microhabitats 8. Outdoor Lighting 10. Ecologically Degraded Properties Page 69 Appendix A Wildlife Management (Continued) VI. Management Strategies A. Land and Aquatic Resources1. Application of Chemicals 3. Vegetation Buffers 7. Park Specific Resource Management Plans 9. Outdoor Lighting C. Trees and Vegetation2. Master Tree Planting List 7. South Bend City Code 8. VPA Staff Invasive Species Training 10. Invasive Plant Management Plan 11. Master Planting List Page 70 Venues Parks and Arts manages 56 properties. Fifteen of them are “pocket parks” of two acres or less. As previously stated, all the properties are significant, but some require additional management attention. Special care should be given to the St. Joseph River and its tributaries, wetlands, older-growth trees, and the following locations: Elbel Park/Golf CourseAuten Road at Quince Road — 313.24 acres Wetlands • Flora • Fauna • Topography • Forest Erskine Park/Golf CourseMiami Road at Ireland Road — 120 acres Wetlands • Sizable trees • Topography Frederickson Prairie 1300 South Bend Avenue — 14.24 acresClay cap remediation • Native prairie and pond Howard Park Jefferson Blvd. at St. Louis Blvd. — 11.49 acres River • Riparian area Keller Park Riverside Blvd. near Sheridan Ave. — 16.91 acres River • Riparian area Kennedy Park Olive St. at Westmoor St. — 38.56 acres Trees — Numerous sizable oaks Lasalle Park Washington St. at Camden St. — 39.8 acres Small lake Leeper ParkMichigan Street at Park Lane — 25.72 River • Trees • Gardens Muessel Grove Park Wilber St. at Vassar Ave. — 17.26 acres Remnant oak savanna • Trees — Large oaks O’Brien ParkMichigan St. at Walter St. — 17.02 acres Trees • Large American beech trees Pinhook Park 2800 Block Riverside Drive — 42.69 acres Oxbow lake • Trees • Flora/fauna • History Ponader Park Maple Lane at Douglas Road — 10.38 acres Juday Creek Potawatomi Park Mishawaka Ave at Greenlawn Ave — 62.18 acresTrees • History • Vernal ponds Ravina Park Indiana Ave. at Lebanon Street — .40 acres Bowman Creek Rum Village ParkEwing Ave. at Gertrude Street — 160 acres Trees • Flora/Fauna • Topography • History Veteran’s Memorial Park Twyckenham at Northside Blvd. — 16.11 acres River • Trees Wheelock Park 20400 Darden Road — 72 acres Juday Creek introduction Woodlawn ParkRiverside Blvd. at Woodlawn Blvd. — 16.56 acres Woods • River • Riparian area APPENDIX B: SENSITIVE PROPERTIES Page 71 APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS Acronyms used in this document: • ADM — The executive and administrative staff of South Bend Venues Parts & Arts • BMP — Best management practices • DOF — Venues Parks & Arts Forestry Division • EAC — Ecological Advocacy Committee • EXP — The “Experience Division” of Venues Parks & Arts • F&G — The Facilities and Grounds department of Venues Parks & Arts • FOSJR — Friends of the St. Joe River • GO — VPA Golf Operations • HRW — Hooser Riverwatch, a program of the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) • MP — The Master Plan of South Bend Parks and Recreation for the years 2014-2018. (see “Jones Petrie Rafinski 2014” in References) • NAT — The VPA naturalist staff • NRMP — The Natural Resources Management Plan (this document) • RFTCF — The South Bend Riverfront Park and Trail Conceptual Framework (see “Smithgroup JJR” in References) • SJRWMP — The St. Joseph River Watershed Management Plan (see “DeGraves A” in References) • SP — Strategic Plan of Venues Parks & Arts for the years 2017-2021 (see “SBVPASP” in References) • SUST — The South Bend Department of Sustainability • SWCD — The St. Joseph County Soil and Water Conservation District • VCO — The Venues Parks & Arts’ Volunteer Coordinator • VPA — Venues Parks & Arts Page 72 APPENDIX D: PARK PROPERTIES MICHIGAN INDIANA South Bend International Airport 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 1617 18 19 20 2223 262728 34 3031 32 33 35 363738 39 40 41 4243 44 45 46 47 48 49 52 51 50 53 54 55 5658 57 61 62 1. Boland Park 2. Freemont Park 3. Lincoln Plaza Mini Park 4. Voorde Park 5. Westhaven Park 6. Kennedy Splashpad 7. Kennedy Park 8. LaSalle Park 9. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park 10. City Cemetery 11. Pulaski Park 12. Four Winds Field 14. Phil St. Clair Park 15. Walker Field Park 16. Rum Village Park 17. Rum Village Annex 18. Boehm Park 19. Southeast Park 20. Studebaker Golf Course 22. Erskine Golf Course 23. O’Brien Park 26. Wheelock Park 27. Riverside Park 28. Riverside Monor 30. Pinhook Park 31. Lasalle Landing 32. Woodlawn Park 33. Keller Park 34. Muessel Grove 35. Brownfield Park 36. Fredrickson Prairie 37. Vassar Park 38. Kelly Park 39. Parkovash Park 40. Nokomis Park 41. Leeper Park 42. Gwen Stiver Mem. Park 43. Pier Park 44. Ponader Park 45. Booth Tarkington Park 46. Coquillard Park 47. Edison Park 48. Helman Mini Park 49. Sorin Mini Park 50. East Race Waterway 51. Seitz Park 52. Howard Park 53. Plaza Park 54. Potawatomi Park 55. Veteran’s Memorial Park 56. Randolph Mini Park 57. Bowman Cemetery 58. Ravina Park 61. Marshall Park 62. Elbel Park 63. Gov. Joe Kernan Park Notre Dame Indian Village Roseland COUNCIL DISTRICTS First District Second District Third District Fourth District Fifth District Sixth District Park Property Park Property of Special Ecological Concern Mishawaka Page 73 APPENDIX E: STRATEGY MATRIX 2021 NRMP STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX Timeframe (years) Strategy/Action Steps Lead Role Potential Partners Short Med.Long A: Land and Aquatic Resources A1: Application of Chemicals A1a: Develop BMP guidance EAC F&G, GO, NAT 1-3 A1b: Train F&G staff on implementation F&G EAC, GO, NAT 1-3 A1c: Implement BMPs F&G, GO EAC,NAT 1-3 A1d: Monitor and assess water quality EAC, NAT F&G, FOSJR, HRW, SWCD 4-5 5+ A2: Aquatic Resources Inventory and Assessment A2a: Map aquatic resources EAC NAT 1-3 A2b: Characterize baseline water quality EAC NAT 1-3 A3: Vegetation Buffers A3a: Map/characterize existing buffers EAC NAT 1-3 A3b: Create BMPs for existing buffers EAC NAT 1-3 A3c: Train F&G and others on BMPs F&G EAC, GO, NAT 1-3 A3d: Restore/create vegetation buffers F&G, GO EAC, NAT 4-5 A3e: Implement outreach/education EAC, NAT F&G, GO 4-5 5+ A4: River Windows A4a: Research and review standards and existing policies EAC F&G, NAT 1-3 A4b: Submit recommendations EAC F&G, NAT 1-3 A5: Slopes, Banks, and Shoreline Stabilization A5a: Develop BMP guidance EAC, NAT F&G 1-3 A5b: Train F&G on BMP implementation F&G EAC, NAT 1-3 A5c: Implement BMPs F&G EAC, NAT 1-3 A5d: Monitor water quality and biological indicators EAC, NAT F&G, Outside Partners 1-3 4-5 5+ Page 74 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 2021 NRMP STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX (CONTINUED) Timeframe (years) Strategy/Action Steps Lead Role Potential Partners Short Med.Long A6: Ecologically Sensitive VPA Properties A6a: Review and update property list EAC NAT 1-3 4-5 5+ A7: Park Specific Management Plans A7a: Create comprehensive site-specific management plans EAC, NAT consultants 1-3 A8: Parkland Protection A8a: Draft policy on parkland protection ADM EAC, F&G, NAT 1-3 A9: Outdoor Lighting A9a: Inventory exterior lights on VPA property F&G outside partners 1-3 A9b: Create exterior lighting BMPs EAC, NAT F&G, regional experts 1-3 A9c: Implement BMPs F&G regional experts 4-5 A9d: Create outdoor lighting policy ADM EAC, F&G, NAT, regional experts 4-5 A10: Recycling A10a: Develop comprehensive recycling program for VPA properties ADM EAC, F&G, SUST 4-5 B: Wildlife B1: Monitor Wildlife B1a: Develop wildlife monitoring protocol EAC, NAT outside partners 1-3 B2: Wildlife Protection: Ordinances, Policies, Procedures, and Enforcement B2a: Issue summarizing report EAC, NAT F&G 1-3 B3: Nuisance Wildlife Management B3a: Create Nuisance Wildlife Management plan ADM, NAT EAC, county and municipal neighbors 1-3 B4: Injured Wildlife Procedures B4a: Create comprehensive injured wildlife procedure EAC, NAT F&G 1-3 Page 75 Appendix E 2021 NRMP STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX (CONTINUED) Timeframe (years) Strategy/Action Steps Lead Role Potential Partners Short Med.Long C: Trees and Vegetation C1: Standards and Care Document C1a: Create “Standards and Care” Document DOF, EAC NAT, consultants 1-3 C2: Master Tree Planting List C2a: Update “Master Tree Planting List”EAC, NAT NAT, consultants 1-3 C3: Native Trees — Educational Materials C3a: Develop marketing materials to promote the use of native trees DOF, EAC EXP, NAT, consultants 1-3 C4: Hazardous Tree Evaluation C4a: Review and update hazardous tree evaluation form DOF, EAC NAT 1-3 C5: Tree Trimming and Removal — Educational Materials C5a: Develop educational materals DOF, EAC EXP, NAT, consultants 1-3 C6: Arbor Day Tree Giveaways C6a: Select and distribute only native trees for Arbor Day and other events. DOF EAC 1-3 4-5 5+ C7: South Bend City Code C7a: Review and suggest revisions to Chapter 19 of municipal code DOF, EAC ADM, F&G, NAT 1-3 C8: VPA Staff Invasive Species Training C8a: Develop and implement invasive species training protocol EAC, F&G NAT, consultants 1-3 C9: State Listed Plants C9a: Compile a list of “state-listed” plants on VPA properties. EAC NAT 1-3 C9b: Develop protocol for monitoring “state-listed plants EAC NAT, consultants 1-3 C10: Invasive Plant Management Plan C10a: Develop Invasive Plant Managent Plan DOF, EAC NAT, consultants 4-5 Page 76 VPA 2021 Natural Resources Management Plan 2021 NRMP STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX (CONTINUED) Timeframe (years) Strategy/Action Steps Lead Role Potential Partners Short Med.Long C11: Master Planting List C11a: Develop master guide to recommended landscape plants EAC DOF, F&G, NAT, consultants 1-3 D: Education and Community Engagement D1: Interpretive Signs D1a: Assess the need for interpretive signs EAC, NAT F&G 1-3 D1b: Design and implement new signs EAC, EXP F&G, NAT, consultants 4-5 D2: Neighborhood-level Programming D2a: Assess neighborhood-level ecological programming. Summarize outreach ideas into document. EAC, NAT community leaders, neighborhood groups 1-3 D3: Park Stewardship Program D3a: Develop neighborhood park- stewardship programs EAC, VCO ADM, F&G, NAT 1-3 D4: Ecological Assessment of Parks D4a: Compile list of park’s ecological features EAC, NAT 1-3 D4b: Develop strategies to enhance ecological featueres EAC, NAT F&G 1-3 D5: Special Event Programming D5a: Create and implement new program to expand outreach EAC, NAT community leaders, neighborhood groups 1-3 D6: Environmentally-themed Recreation D6a: Develop and implementW environmentally-themed recreational activities. EAC, NAT 1-3 Page 77 “Where the bumblebee sips and the clover’s in loom, and the zephyr’s come laden with peachblow perfume. Where the thistle-down pauses in search of the rose and the myrtle and woodbine and wild ivy grows; Oh, give me the spot that I once used to know by the side of the placid old River St. Joe!” — Ben F. King The St. Joseph River Near Keller Park 219 South St Louis Blvd, South Bend, IN 46617 ©2020 City of South Bend Venues Parks & Arts 2021 Natural Resources Managment Plan