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HomeMy WebLinkAboutLowell Heights Olivet REDRAFT NRform revised with plans NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. 1. Name of Property Historic name: Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church Other names/site number: Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church Name of related multiple property listing: N/A (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Location Street & number: 719 N. Notre Dame Ave. City or town: South Bend State: IN County: St. Joseph Not For Publication: Vicinity: ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this x nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property x meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: ___national ___statewide x local Applicable National Register Criteria: x A ___B x C ___D Signature of certifying official/Title: Date Indiana DNR-Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting official: Date Title : State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 1-6 page 2 ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register other (explain:) _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) Private: Public – Local Public – State Public – Federal Category of Property (Check only one box.) Building(s District Site Structure Object x x United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 1-6 page 3 Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) Contributing Noncontributing 1 0 buildings 0 1 sites 0 0 structures 1 0 objects 2 1 Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 0 ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) RELIGION: religious facility ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) RELIGION: religious facility ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 4 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY REVIVALS: Late Gothic Revival ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Materials: (enter categories from instructions.) foundation: CONCRETE walls: BRICK roof: ASPHALT other: STONE: limestone ________________________ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) ______________________________________________________________________________ Summary Paragraph Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal Church was constructed in 1923 in the Late Gothic Revival style and designed by Frank G. Dillard, the denomination’s architect for their regional office in Chicago. The building, taking a prominent corner on Notre Dame Avenue, has features of both Craftsman and Tudor or “English” architecture, as described by the architect. The congregation consolidated with another in 1968 and the following year the building became home to the Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church, the oldest African-American congregation in South Bend. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 5 _____________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Description The Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church is neatly sited on the northwest corner of Notre Dame Avenue, several blocks south of the University of Notre Dame’s campus, and Almond Court. The building, which faces east, occupies the corner but is set back from the concrete sidewalks by greenspace (photos 0001-0002). The building is raised on the front with a mounded front yard and it has a wide north side yard where a formal side entry is located on the building. The church has a small parking area west of the building and a private drive/alley that extends north from Almond Court to South Bend Avenue (photos 0003-0004). The neighborhood is predominantly residential of the same period as the church, but has had a substantial amount of new residential construction in the last few years. The site features a brick and stone sign dating to about the same period as the church in its southeast corner (left side of photo 0001). It is considered a contributing object. The site also features a memorial garden with low walls/benches on the north side of the building that was developed over the last two years. It is considered a non-contributing site (middle of photo 0005). Exterior The brown-colored brick building has limestone trim, a raised basement topped by a stone water table, Gothic arched art glass windows, and a steeply-pitched roof covered with asphalt shingles. A wide set of concrete steps lead to up to the entry centered on the front (east) façade (photo 0001). The façade has a steeply-pitched gabled parapet over its central entry bay. The entry is flanked by two-story pilasters that step in at the top of the first story and are capped with carved stone gables. The pilasters step in again, with capstone, near the top of the second story and then are capped at the top with pinnacle-like carved stone gables. The gables are incised with an arched and rosette design. The gables are carved to create flared bottom edges. This is repeated in the stepped gabled parapet of the central bay. The entry is composed of a pair of wood doors composed of planks and iron strap work. Each door has three narrow windows in its top. The doors are set in a stone surround with segmental arched top. Three recessed panels are in the stone above the arch just below a stone sill for the second story’s tall Gothic arched window. The window is divided by stone tracery into four main vertical divisions with awning sashes in the bottom and Gothic arched tops. The window’s large Gothic arch is composed of two receding courses of brick and topped with stone trim carved with panels. Flanking the pilasters in the first story of the central bay are small window windows of art glass with stone sills and lintels. The central bay’s gabled parapet features flattened shoulders on the outside corners and a steeply- pitched gable wall capped with stone. The stone cap is shaped with the gable’s brick but generally follows the rake on top, except at the bottom of the gable which has flared edges. A cornerstone is located at the bottom of the first story on the north end of the central bay. It is carved with “ANNO DOMINI 1923” on its east face. To each side of the central bay, the façade steps back to two-story stair towers that flank the central bay, but face north and south. The towers are stepped in at the top of the first story with stone caps on the corners. The top of the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 6 second story steps in again and features a stone water table. The towers’ parapet is capped with stone. The north and south facades are very similarly arranged with stair towers on the east ends and a projecting, double-gabled bay on the west half. The north bay extends further to the north than the south bay extends from the building. The south façade’s stair tower features an entry on the first story (at grade, photo 0002). The entry features a projecting brick surround and deeply recessed entry with Gothic arched top. The large metal entry door is divided into nine panels and is topped with a wood panel of board and battens. The surround features buttress-like corners capped with stone and a gabled parapet, also capped with stone. The tower has corner pilasters, stepped in at the bottom and top of the second story. A stone sill course/water table is at the bottom of the second story window. The wood window is divided into two art glass sashes with pointed tops. The shaped stone lintel features rounded shoulders shaped with the window sashes. The top of the second story features a stone string course and the tower has a crenellated parapet, also capped with stone, and a low-pitched stone gable. A stone cross is centered in the top of the parapet. The nave is west of the tower. It features two bays divided by a tall brick pilaster capped with stone. Each bay features a large Gothic arched window composed of art glass divided by tracery with similar division as the front façade. Two wood basement windows divided into nine panes is in each bay. The projecting bay with double-gables is in the west half of the south façade (right side of photo 0003). Its east gable is slightly larger than the west gable. The gabled sections are divided by a two-story bay (stairway) with a section of shed roof. The east gabled section features a row of four 1/1 wood windows on the first and second story. The windows feature a stone sill and lintel of soldier brick. A row of three wood windows, divided into nine panes, is in the basement. The east gable features a narrow slit window in the top of the gable. The west gabled section features a row of three 1/1 wood windows in the first and second story. The windows feature a stone sill and lintel of soldier brick. The basement windows has been filled in with brick. The bay centered between the gabled sections features an entry with a nine panel metal door and non-historic gabled metal canopy. A 1/1 window is west of the entry at the landing between the entry and first story, and 1/1 windows with stone sills are in the two landings between the first and second story. The north façade is similar to the south façade with few differences (photos 0004-0005). The east tower’s first story features a pair of wood casement windows composed of art glass (left side of photo 0005). The window opening has a stone sill and lintel of soldier brick. The nave and projecting bay’s gabled sections are identical to the south façade except that there are two basement windows divided into nine panes in the west gabled section. The narrow section that divides the gabled sections has a large entry porch with gabled roof and brick front wall with a steeply-pitched gabled parapet (left side of photo 0004). The porch’s front wall features a large Gothic arched opening and corner pilasters capped with stone. The entry is composed of a pair of metal doors divided into nine panels, side-lites (covered with wood), and transom composed of art glass. Narrow 1/1 wood windows flank the porch’s gabled roof in the landing between the first and second story. The second story features a three-sided oriel bay covered with wood United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 7 shingles (centered over the porch). The bay is supported by five wood corbels and it has a pair of small 1/1 wood windows centered in its front wall. While the double-gabled projecting bay on the south façade lacks windows in its east-facing wall, the bay on the north façade features a row of three 1/1 wood windows in the first and second story of its east-facing wall. The windows have stone sills and lintels of soldier brick. The second story window features a shed dormer roof. There are two wood windows divided into nine panes in the basement of the east-facing wall. The west (back) façade is divided into four bays (left side of photo 0003). The southernmost bay features a row of three 1/1 wood windows in the first and second story. The windows have stone sills and lintel of soldier brick on the first story. The bay has two basement windows; one is divided into nine panes and the other is new and features a single pane. The northern two bays feature two 1/1 windows in their first and second stories. The windows have stone sills and the first story windows feature lintels of solider brick. Each bay features two wood basement windows divided into nine panes; the northernmost bay’s basement windows are slightly taller. The remaining bay features a tall gable (extension of the nave) and has no windows on the first and second story. It has a narrow slit wood window in the top of the gable and four basement windows. The basement windows are wood and divided into twelve panes; the middle two windows are paired together and are casements. Two square shafts of brick form chimneys flanking the gable near the ridge of the cross gables extending south and north. The chimneys are capped with concrete. Interior The interior is arranged with a vestibule, or narthex, in the east end which is flanked by staircases on the south, which leads to a grade-level entry (south side of building), basement, and balcony, and on the north, which leads to the balcony. See photo 0006 for narthex. A toilet room is also on the north side of the narthex. A pair of doors flanked by pairs of art glass windows separate the narthex from the nave on its west side (see photo 0007 of the nave). The nave is arranged with a central aisle that leads west to a raised platform, altar, and choir loft (photo 0008, 0012). A large Gothic arch centered in the west wall forms a deeply-recessed bay for the choir loft and pipe organ. The nave’s roof is supported by a steeply-pitched modified scissor trusses with open framing. Transepts flank the raised platform at the west end of the nave. These have balconies overlooking the nave on the second story. Doorways lead to staircases in the northwest and southwest corners of the nave (one doorway off the west wall of the north transept). The north staircase leads to a formal grade-level entry on the north side of the church as well as the basement and second story. The south staircase leads to a grade-level entry on the south side of the church, as well as the basement and second story. The pastor’s office is off the first story landing in the southwest corner of the church. It has an historic safe tucked into the northeast corner of the room (right side of photo 0010). An adult classroom is off the first story landing in the northwest corner of the church (photo 0009). It has a fireplace centered in its south wall and a closet tucked into the southeast corner of the room. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 8 The second story features a balcony with tiered seating overlooking the nave above the narthex in the east end of the building (photo 0011). Staircases flank the balcony and lead down to the narthex on its north and south sides. Balconies with shaped openings overlooking the nave are also located in the second story of the transepts and are accessed by staircases on their west side (photo 0013). Classrooms are located in the northwest and southwest corners of the building and are accessed by the staircases off their east side. The north classroom features a fireplace centered in its south wall (photo 0016). A narrow hallway connects the two classrooms along the west edge of the second story (left side of photo 0017, behind the pipe organ). Small closets are off the second story landings in the west end of the building. The north staircase (photo 0014) continues up to a small mezzanine level that includes a toilet room and small closet. Many of the rooms in the second story have ceilings that are raked on their outside edges with the eaves (best seen in photo 0017). The raised basement features a large fellowship hall below the nave. A raised stage is in the east end of the basement (photo 0019). It has a hallway leading from the fellowship hall to a staircase on its south side and a storage room on its north side. A doorway is between the stage and storage room. There are two classrooms under each transept off the west half of the fellowship hall. These were originally open to the hall, possibly enclosed with curtains, but now walled-off with block. Doorways in the northwest and southwest corners of the fellowship hall lead to staircases in the west end of the building. Two serving counters/windows are centered in the west wall of the fellowship hall (photo 0018). It accesses the kitchen in the west end of the building, below the choir loft. Toilet rooms are located in the northwest corner of the basement and are accessed from the stairwell on the north side of the church (photo 0020). A mechanical room is located in the southwest corner of the building and is accessed from the stairwell on the south side of the church. The building has carpets throughout most of the first and second stories. The narthex features small brick-colored tile on its floor. The balconies, second story classroom in the northwest corner, fellowship hall and stage feature maple plank flooring (photos 0013, 0019). The bathrooms and kitchen feature modern tile or vinyl flooring. The building has plaster walls and ceilings throughout except where new concrete block walls were created to enclose classrooms in the basement. Tall wood wainscot is located on the narthex, nave and transept walls (sans balconies, photos 0006-0008). The west wall of the nave and back wall of the choir loft have painted stenciling in gold and light blue (photo 0012). The pastor’s office features modern (c. 1970) wood paneling on its walls (photo 0010). The plaster ceiling in the narthex has broad barrel vaulting with arches over the main entry and staircases (photo 0006). The nave’s ceiling is steeply-pitched and covered with wood. Open trusswork resting on pilasters along the nave’s north and south walls and purlins support the ceiling (best seen in photo 0011). The pilasters feature corbels and Doric capitals on which the trusses rest. The transept balconies are likewise supported by corbels on the pilasters. The balcony walls have simple moldings to create a large panel on their front walls and are capped with wood (photo 0013). The ceilings in the basement toilet rooms and pastor’s office are composed of dropped acoustic tiles in metal grids. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 9 The building has dark-stained wood trim floorboards and casings throughout. Door and window casings are fairly simple with flat boards trimmed with narrow boards. The large Gothic arched windows of the nave are recessed into the plaster walls and feature painted tracery and casings (photo 0007). The building has wood doors with historic brass hardware throughout. These range from more formal doors into the nave or in some classrooms with windows of art glass (photos 0006, 0009) to simple two-panel doors in classrooms and closets. Doors added to classrooms in the basement and their trim boards are lighter-colored pine, c. 1960. The fireplaces in the classrooms are dark-colored brick with wood mantels. Historic cabinets flank the fireplace in the first story classroom (photo 0009). The staircase balustrades and newel posts are dark-stained wood. The newel posts with flat caps and railings are fairly simple. The balusters are composed of pairs of wood boards at each step sawn to have an open diamond shape near their top (photos 0014-0015). The balustrade curves with the opening at each landing in the northwest staircase. The pews in the nave have oak ends with Gothic arched tops and carved recessed panel in each end (photo 0007). Other notable features of the interior include original balcony-style wood seats in the east balcony (photo 0011) and historic toilet partitions composed of wood planks in the basement toilet rooms (photo 0020). The building also features several historic light fixtures in the nave, balconies, classrooms, and landings. The nave’s fixtures are large metal hoops suspended with chains from which several lanterns with art glass shades are suspended (photo 0007). The balcony and classroom fixtures are more traditional multi-sided lanterns with art glass shades (photo 0009). Smaller fixtures include simple opal glass shades and metal fittings are located in landings. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 10 _________________________________________________________________ 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.) A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes B. Removed from its original location C. A birthplace or grave D. A cemetery E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure F. A commemorative property G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years x X X United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 11 Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.) ARCHITECTURE ETHNIC HERITAGE: Black ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Period of Significance 1923-1971 ___________________ Significant Dates 1969 ___________________ ___________________ Significant Person (last name, first name) (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.) ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Cultural Affiliation ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Architect/Builder (last name, first name) Dillard, Frank G. Hay-Weaver Company United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 12 Period of Significance (justification) The period of significance begins in 1923 when the building was constructed for the congregation of Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal Church. The period of significance ends in 1971, the year the Olivet African Methodist Episcopal congregation celebrated its centennial at the church after it became their home in 1969. Olivet A.M.E. is the oldest African-American congregation in South Bend. Criteria Considerations (explanation, if necessary) Consideration A is made due to the building’s ownership by the congregation of the Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church. The building’s rich architecture, a blend of Late Gothic Revival with Tudor and Craftsman features, and its prominent position in the neighborhood make it eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.) The Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under criterion C using architecture as the area of significance. The building’s compact form designed in the Late Gothic Revival style includes both Tudor and Craftsman influence. The building is an example of standardized and prescribed design by religious denominations in the late 19th and early 20th century. The building’s architect, Frank G. Dillard, was the Methodist Episcopal denomination’s regional architect stationed out of Chicago. Dillard raised concerns about congregations adopting the Akron Plan of church architecture without thought of the church’s actual need. The design of Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal Church demonstrates a pushback against the Akron model and embrace of earlier precedents. The building has an exquisite nave featuring open trusswork and balconies and has had very little alteration over the building’s 100 year history. The building is also eligible under criterion A using Ethnic Heritage as the area of significance. The Olivet AME congregation relocated to this building in 1969 from its original church home-site on the south side of downtown South Bend. The congregation is the oldest African-American congregation in the city and was actively engaged in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 13 ______________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.) ARCHITECTURE Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church was constructed in 1923 after the Lowell Heights congregation out-grew is smaller building south of the present church. In 1919, the Methodist Episcopal denomination developed regional Bureaus of Architecture for guidance and design for congregations who were constructing new buildings. The Lowell Heights congregation fell under the Chicago regional bureau and received their design from Frank G. Dillard. Dillard, a 1913 Harvard University graduate of their school of architecture, was the first architect of the Chicago office when the bureaus were introduced in 1919. The building was designed in 1922 and constructed in 1923. Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church is an unusual melding of the traditional 20th century Gothic style for religious architecture with what the architect refers to as the English type, inferred here as Tudor Gothic (photos 0001-0005). However, the building also carries features of the Craftsman style, particularly in its interior woodwork. The ususual open trusswork, jigsawn balustrade, and interior doors with art glass point to a refinement of features. The early suburban church is located on a corner lot on an important avenue leading from the heart of Notre Dame University's campus, on axis with the administration building, to downtown South Bend. The building was designed in a Tudor Gothic style with several Craftsman features introduced in the interior. The dark-brown brick building is composed of wire-cut (raked) brick with stone trim. It has a broad front-gabled parapet composing its entry bay, further delineated with a tall Gothic arch stained glass window divided into lancets, flanked by pilasters with stone caps with trefoil carvings, and wood doors. The building has a formal composition of narthex, nave, transept, and chancel. An asymmetrical three-story wing on the back of the building contains offices and classrooms. The church lacks a formal bell tower, using its grand entry bay in lieu of an entry tower (photo 0001), but it features gabled parapets and steeply-pitched roofs covered with asphalt shingles. Notable features that cause the building to lean toward the Tudor Gothic style are its crenellated parapets with gables on the flanking towers (north and south facades) and projecting bays with double gabled walls (transept wings). The small oriel bay between the gables on the north façade is an original feature and is further evidence of Tudor influence in the design (photo 0004). The nave features rows of large Gothic arch art glass windows on each side and chancel formed in the shape of a Gothic arch due to the vault of the ceiling (photos 0007-0008, 0012). The nave includes interesting open trusswork of the Craftsman style, wood ceiling, and three balconies (one in each of the transept wings, and the main one at the back). The main balcony features tiered seating with historic wood theater-style seats (photo 0011). Wood staircases feature balustrades composed of planks with jigsawn designs (photos 0014-0015). These are located to each side of the chancel and off the south side of the narthex. Brick fireplaces are located in two adult Sunday School classrooms (photos 0009, 0016). The pastor's office features an original United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 14 safe (right side of photo 0010). The basement features a maple floor in a large fellowship hall under the auditorium. It includes a kitchen/pass-thru in its west wall and a raised stage for performances in its east wall (photos 0018, 0019, respectively). Toilet rooms also have their original wood partitions and doors (photo 0020). The only minor changes include a c. 1960 concrete block separation for classrooms in the basement in the transept wings (these probably were divided by curtains but became permanent with block. Many of the light fixtures also seem to be original. Another interesting feature of the church, in terms of its site planning, is the use of a mounded front grade to give it more of a presence, yet it's cut away behind the knoll (photo 0002). This allows the essentially three-story building to better fit its early suburban neighborhood location, something that presented itself more frequently as churches expanded into suburban locations in the early 20th century where before they had often found themselves in more urban settings in city and town commercial/civic areas. Frank G. Dillard (1881-1949), the architect, was countering the more commonly-accepted Akron Plan for church design. Dillard wrote articles and gave lectures about a more appropriate approach to church architecture in Post-WWI America. This was a time when congregations in many denominations were going through a building craze. Dillard favored the more traditional approach of narthex, nave, transept, and chancel with classrooms at the back rather than off the sanctuary with dividing walls of the Akron Plan. The Akron Plan is credited to Lewis Miller for his own church design in Akron, Ohio in 1867. Miller was an amateur architect and Sunday School teacher. His church, First Methodist Church of Akron, was completed in 1872. Miller’s plan placed the altar in one corner of the sanctuary with sections of pews that radiated out from that location. Children could also participate in services by the inclusion of large, movable screen walls at one end of the sanctuary. This provided the ability to close off classroom spaces as dictated by the flow of the service. Akron Plan floors are also often banked to provide better sightlines for congregants. Miller’s plan was used with great regularity as Methodist congregations grew and included Sunday Schools in what they offered during worship services in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Therefore, it is interesting to note that Lowell Heights, a Methodist Episcopal congregation, broke from the tradition of the Akron Plan in their new building. Though it could be argued that transepts and balconies offered some of the accommodations for Sunday School classes that the Akron Plan offered, but not formalized with classroom denotation. In 1921, through the Methodist Episcopal denomination, Frank Dillard issued an illustrated bulletin named “Better Rural Churches” in the hope that when church communities plan for new buildings, they take into consideration future growth over immediate resources. The publication included three designs by Dillard. One was the conversion of a one-room church in Lakeville, Ohio into a community hall and addition of a sanctuary and entry tower. Another was for a large church in Cimmaron, New Mexico designed in the Mission Style. The third design was a recommended prototype design for a small church with a large, front gable, side entry towers, and transept/bays all in the Tudor Revival style. It is remarkably similar to the Lowell Heights church. Architectural services were offered through the publication from both the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 15 denomination’s Chicago and Philadelphia offices, but only if an architect was unavailabe in the community and the project was under $20,000 in construction costs. This may be why Dillard’s own work is seldom accounted for, and it is unclear why Lowell Heights, at a cost of over $40,000 in a city with architects, was designed by Dillard. Dillard also provided a five-page discertation on proper church building design in a 1922 publication on church architecture. He describes situations in which congregations fall into the use of the Akron Plan or “some other scheme that is utterly inadequate” for its needs.1 He co- wrote an article for The Architectural Forum with Elmo Cameron Lowe (of Lowe & Bollenbacher, architects in Chicago) in April 1924 titled “The Small Church”. The article calls on better architectural design of churches and describes the previous period of church building and design a “period of artistic depression”.2 The article goes into specific recommendations on design including stone-trim on brick edifices, dark interiors, and open trusses. Illustrations and photographs of the Tudor Gothic style Methodist Episcopal Church in Whiting (designed by Lowe & Bollenbacher) are included in the article. It is unclear how many churches were constructed through the denomination's Bureau of Architecture, but the Lowell Heights church seems to be a notable one based on its refinements, counter approach to the Akron Plan, and its early origin (designed in 1922 after the bureau's start in 1919). Dillard first practiced architecture in a firm known as Dillard & Stephans in St. Louis in about 1907-1909. In Chicago, he was in the partnership of Dillard & Brown during the 1910s, and Rowe, Dillard, & Rowe during the 1920s. Several large Tudor Revival homes were designed by the firm, including the Grigsby Estate, and the Park Ridge Methodist Church, Park Ridge, IL. He worked for the Chicago Park System during the 1930s for whom he designed the 55th Street Promontory Pavilion. The Gothic Revival style had been popularized in house design books in the middle part of the 1800s and became popular in Midwestern towns by the 1850s due to the influence of pattern books produced during this time. The pattern books gave hints for other building types. A.J. Davis’ Rural Residences (1837) included a design for a Gothic Revival “Village Church” as well as Gothic Revival houses. A religious revival in Britain in the early 19th century renewed interest in church construction and in the English Gothic style. In religious architecture, Gothic Revival reached full expression in the United States. While Gothic Revival remained a popular choice with American congregations, toward the end of the century, architects were moving away from generic Gothic and the more recent Romanesque Revival. Interest in Tudor Gothic Revival was capturing attention. Collegiate Gothic, inspired by Tudor Gothic architecture took hold at places like Bryn Maur (Pembroke Hall, Stewardson & Cope, 1894). New churches by Medievalist Ralph Adams Cram helped set the trend. For example, All Saints, Ashmont, Dorchester, Massachusetts, 1893, was a purely English-inspired Gothic church. Given the popularity of the Gothic Revival style in church design, it is no surprise that a city the size of South Bend would have several examples of Gothic Revival churches. There are approximately a dozen examples of Gothic Revival churches ranging from impressive, early 1 Dillard, Frank. 2 Lowe & Dillard United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 16 examples like St. Stanislaus Catholic Church built in 1898 to very simple examples like St. Mary’s Polish National Church built in the Late Gothic Revival style in 1915. Several examples are comparable to Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal Church and date to about the same time period it was constructed. These include Epworth Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church (1911), St. Adalbert Catholic Church (1923-1926), Grace Evangelical Church (1926), St. Peter’s Church (1927), Zion Evangelical Church (1930), and Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church (1938). Most of these examples include square entry/bell towers and steeply-pitched gabled parapets. Lowell Heights is different in that it diminishes the importance of the bell/entry tower and gives the parishioners a formal entry in its gabled-front wall upon climbing a step set of steps. Most of the South Bend examples seem to be influenced either by their denominational preference for building arrangement, such as the Catholic churches, or by the Akron Plan. A few late examples of the Late Gothic Revival style include Our Redeemer Lutheran Church (1954) on 29th Street and the First Evangelical United Brethren Church on Inwood Drive (1951). The latter became home to the merged congregation with Lowell Heights in 1968 to for Evangel Heights. Both of these buildings use Bedford stone and have similar entry/bell towers. Lowell Heights & Olivet A.M.E. Congregations The Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal congregation had formed more than twenty years prior to the construction of their building in 1923 and saw tremendous growth in the first decades of the 20th century, in part because of spiritual revival movements in the denomination and city- wide. The congregation took its name from the village on the high east bank of the St. Joseph River, known as Lowell Heights, later annexed into South Bend. The congregation formed from “cottage prayer meetings” held in 1899 in homes on the east side of South Bend as part of revival efforts being undertaken by the First Methodist Episcopal Church of the city. These prayer meetings were formalized into Sunday School classes by April 1899 and a building was erected that summer. The simple frame building was built on the southwest corner of E. Miner and N. Frances Streets for a cost of $1400 and the first service was held the last Sunday of September in 1899 with a membership of 26. Their first church, with simple Gothic Revival features, was formally dedicated with a service in July 1903, when the congregation burned the mortgage held on the building. Over 400 attended the service. In 1907, revival services were conducted and the congregation grew rapidly. An addition to the building and a parsonage were constructed in 1912. The growing congregation numbered more than 100 by 1917. In 1920, plans were made for a new building and in 1921, four lots were purchased at the corner of Almond Court and Notre Dame Avenue. The congregation raised over $20,000 from other city churches and in 1923, a contract for $42,000 to build the new building was made with the Hay-Weaver Company. It was designed by Frank G. Dillard, architect in the denomination’s Chicago office. The new church was dedicated on December 9, 1923. The pastor during the construction and dedication was Reverend William Brandon. While a new parsonage and community hall were originally envisioned, the hall was never constructed. A parsonage was built c. 1955 on the east side of Notre Dame Avenue. A merger of the Methodist Episcopal denomination with the Evangelical United Brethren denomination resulted in the merger of Lowell Heights M.E. Church with the First Evangelical United Brethren Church (built in 1951) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 17 nearby at 114 N. Ironwood Drive on the city's far east side. This occurred on April 21, 1968 and the new name of Evangel Heights United Methodist was adopted. ETHNIC HERITAGE The building on Notre Dame Avenue was sold to the Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) congregation who held dedication rites on December 7, 1969. Reverend Roderick Johnson was the pastor during the move from downtown South Bend to the Notre Dame Avenue building. The move was considered necessary for the city’s planned downtown renewal program. That program was never fully implemented to cause the removal of the congregation’s old building on Monroe Street. The church’s membership was 326 when it changed locations to the former Lowell Heights building, and had always “directed its programs of activities toward the religious and social improvement of local black residents.”3 The African Methodist Episcopal denomination traces its history to 1787 when its founder, Richard Allen, was excluded from a white congregation in Philadelphia of the same denomination. During the late 1860s, Bishop William Paul Quinn of the A.M.E. denomination visited Northern Indiana and Southern Michigan and encouraged the establishment of several churches, including what would become the Olivet congregation. A total of 20 congregations were established during that time of missionary outreach including those located in Elkhart, Gary, Michigan City, LaPorte, Kokomo, Fort Wayne, Niles, Cassopolis, and Three Rivers. The Olivet A. M. E. congregation first formed in 1870. It was the first, and for many years the only, African-American congregation in South Bend/St. Joseph County. It was the center for social, political, religious, and civic life for the city’s African American population.4 Some of its original nine members were part of the Huggart settlement, the first settlement of free African- Americans in St. Joseph County, while others were some of the city's earliest residents and first burials in the city cemetery. The first trustees were Mr. and Mrs. Farrow Powell, Mr. and Mrs. James Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Bridgeman, Mr. J.B. Lott, Mr. James Hurst, and Mr. John Powell. The first pastor was Revered Bundy. The congregation was the only church for African- Americans for many years and was simply known as "the colored church" on the city's near southwest side. Once other African American churches formed, the first church became known as Olivet Chapel. The trustees purchased property at 310 West Monroe Street for the construction of a church building in 1872. The cornerstone was laid on August 7 of that year.5 The Olivet congregation replaced the 1872 building with a new building in 1917, which is extant at the Monroe Street site. Olivet A.M.E. has been at the center of the Civil Rights Movement in South Bend. The local branch of the NAACP met in the congregation’s home in the early 20th century. Hazel Hunter, a steward of the church, had worked for the national NAACP before locating in South Bend and joining the Olivet congregation. In 1923, attorney Charles Wills, a member of the church, was 3 Pontius, Gertrude 5 Dec 1969 South Bend Tribune 4 Bryant, John Charles Official Olivet A.M.E. Church History 1870-2020 5 Bryant, John Charles Official Olivet A.M.E. Church History 1870-2020 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 18 attorney-elect for the fight against the Ku Klux Klan when the organization fought to stop the building of First A.M.E. Zion Church. Planning meetings for that were held at Olivet. During the 1950s, YMCA programming for the city’s African American population were held at Olivet while members of the congregation led to the desegregation of South Bend’s Public Natatorium.6 In 1957, the Olivet congregation hosted a concert at the Morris Civic Auditorium by noted songstress Mahalia Jackson. During the 1960s, workshops and testimony on fair housing were held and received at Olivet and congregation member, Fred Coker, became state president of the NAACP.7 In 1968, the congregation participated in a city-wide rally on civil rights. The rally included Mrs. Frankie Muse Freeman, the only woman appointed to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. The congregation hosted “A Pageant on Negro History” during the rally. Also in 1968, upon the death of Martin Luther King, Reverend O.L. Powell, pastor of Olivet during the 1960s, led a march in South Bend.8 The pastor at the time of the move to Notre Dame Avenue, Reverend Roderick Johnson, led South Bend’s local civil rights organization during the 1960s, but stepped away from its leadership to focus on the congregation’s new home. The assistant pastor in 1970, L. J. Perry, was elected the first African American president of the city’s Rotary Club.9 On December 16, 1971, the Olivet congregation celebrated the church’s 100th anniversary.10 Under the leadership of Reverend Clarence G. Robinson, the $60,000 mortgage on the Notre Dame Avenue building was paid off and burned in April 1976 after a celebration banquet was held at the Indiana Club in South Bend. The building on Notre Dame Avenue continues to serve the Olivet A.M.E. congregation today as they celebrate their 150th year anniversary (2020) and near the building's centennial in 2023. Developmental History/Additional historic context information 6 Powell, Alma. Interview with South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Archivist Scott Shoger 7 Powell, Alma. Interview with South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Archivist Scott Shoger 8 Powell, Alma. Interview with South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Archivist Scott Shoger 9 Powell, Alma. Interview with South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Archivist Scott Shoger 10 Bryant, John Charles Official Olivet A.M.E. Church History 1870-2020 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 19 ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) (1903) ‘To Burn Mortgage’ South Bend Tribune. 11 July 1903. Page 9, column 6. (1923) ‘Will Receive Bids for Lowell Heights Church Construction’ South Bend Tribune 07 Jan 1923. Page 23, columns 3-4. (1923) ‘To Build Church at Once’ South Bend Tribune. 23 Feb 1923. Page 1, column 1. (1923) ‘Will Dedicate Lowell Church December 9’ South Bend Tribune. 02 Dec 1923. Page 27, column 1. (1968) ‘U.S. Official is Rally Speaker’ South Bend Tribune. 01 Feb 1968. Page 21, columns 6-8. Bryant, John Charles. Official Olivet A.M.E. Church History 1870-2020 Dillard, Frank “Buildings for Church and School” The Sunday School Journal. Cincinnati January 1922. Pages 10-14. Division of Natural Resources, State Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, South Bend Community Development, and St. Joseph Board of Commissioners. City of South Bend Summary Report: Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory. Rep. 2006. Print. McAlester, Virginia & Lee. A Field Guide to American Houses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. Lowe, Elmo Cameron & Dillard, Frank G. “The Small Church” The Architectural Forum. Vol. XL No. 4. New York: Rogers & Mason. April 1924. Pages 149-152. Pontius, Gertrude. ‘Olivet AME Church Sets Dedication Rite’ South Bend Tribune. 05 Dec 1969. Page 28, columns 3-6 Powell, Alma. Interview with South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Archivist Scott Shoger, August 2020. Sandborn Fire Insurance Map for the City of South Bend, 1917. Vogt, Paul PhD. ‘Building for the New Day’ The Christian Advocate. New York. Sept. 23, 1920. Pages 1277-1279. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 20 Wensits, James. ‘Olivet African Church Detest Being in Debt’ South Bend Tribune 28 March 1976. Pages 131-133, all columns. ___________________________________________________________________________ Previous documentation on file (NPS): ____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ____ previously listed in the National Register ____ previously determined eligible by the National Register ____ designated a National Historic Landmark ____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #____________ ____ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________ ____ recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ___________ Primary location of additional data: ____ State Historic Preservation Office ____ Other State agency ____ Federal agency x Local government ____ University ____ Other Name of repository: _____________________________________ Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): 201-597-11065 ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Less than one acre Use the UTM system UTM References Datum (indicated on USGS map): NAD 1927 or NAD 1983 1. Zone: Easting: Northing: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 21 2. Zone: Easting: Northing: 3. Zone: Easting: Northing: 4. Zone: Easting : Northing: Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) Beginning on the northwest corner of Notre Dame Avenue and Almond Court, face west and follow a line with the north side of Almond Court approximately 111’ to the southwest corner of the property at 719 Notre Dame Avenue. Turn north and follow a line 112’ to the northwest corner of 719 Notre Dame Avenue, then turn east and follow a line 111’ to the west side of Notre Dame Avenue. Turn north and follow a line with the west side of Notre Dame Avenue approximately 112’ to its intersection with Almond Court, or the place of beginning. The property is generally identified as Lots 2, 3, and 4, of W. A. Bugbee’s 1st Addition and includes the east half of a vacated alley along the west side of the property. Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The boundaries include the church and land the congregation of Lowell Heights Methodist Episcopal Church purchased in 1923. It also includes the vacated portion of an alley along the west boundary which now belongs to the current congregation. _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Form Prepared By name/title: Kurt West Garner organization: Olivet AME Church street & number: 12954 6th Road city or town: Plymouth state: IN zip code: 46563 e-mail: kwgarner@kwgarner.com telephone: 574-936-0613 date: October 1, 2020 ___________________________________________________________________________ Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 22 • Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. • Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map. • Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.) • Photographs Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 3000x2000 at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph. Photo Log Name of Property: Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church City or Vicinity: South Bend County: St. Joseph State: Indiana Photographer: Kurt West Garner Date Photographed: February 13, 2020 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking west at front facade 1 of 20. Date Photographed: February 13, 2020 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking northwest from intersection of Almond Court and Notre Dame Ave. 2 of 20. Date Photographed: February 13, 2020 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 23 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking northeast from Almond Court 3 of 20. Date Photographed: February 13, 2020 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking southeast at back (west) and north side of building 4 of 20. Date Photographed: February 13, 2020 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking southwest at front (east) and north side of building 5 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking southeast in narthex 6 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking east in nave 7 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking west in nave 8 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking south in first story northwest classroom 9 of 20. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 24 Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking northeast in Pastor’s office 10 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking south in main balcony 11 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking down into nave (west) from main balcony 12 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking southeast from north balcony into nave 13 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking up/southwest in stairway on northwest corner of building 14 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking up/north at the top of the staircase in southwest corner of building 15 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Lowell Heights-Olivet African Methodist Episcopal Church St. Joseph County, IN Name of Property County and State Sections 9-end page 25 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking west in classroom on third story-northwest corner 16 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking north in classroom on third story-southwest corner 17 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking west in basement toward kitchen 18 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking east in basement toward stage 19 of 20. Date Photographed: December 20, 2019 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: Looking northwest in basement toilet rooms 20 of 20. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S .C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.