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HomeMy WebLinkAbout6F(3)~~~~~ GRAHAM ALLEN PARTNERS PROPOSAL FOR THE CITY OF SOUTH BEND MULTI-CLUSTER TECHNOLOGY PARK FEASIBILITY STUDY AND STRATEGIC PLAN February 3, 2011 Confidential - /gnition Park: Fea.cibilih Shulp acrd Sh~ategic Plan Proposal- Grahnm Allen Partners Fefiruar7~ 20/ / TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1 BENEFITS TO SOUTH BEND .............................................................................................1 `~'ORIiI~ORC1 :................................................................................................................................................. .. 2 URBAN RE~'ITALIZATION ............................................................................................................................ .. 3 TAB Rh:vENUE .............................................................................................................................................. .. 3 GRAHAM ALLEN PARTNERS' QUALIFICATIONS ........................................................ ..4 SCOPE OF SERVICE ............................................................................................................ ..4 Olid ECTI~'ES ................................................................................................................................................... .. 4 DELIVERABLES ................................................................................................................... ..5 I'EASIBILITI' STl:ll1' SUi~i11AR1' REPORT .................................................................................................... .. J STRATEGIC. PI.ANNING ................................................................................................................................ ..6 TIMING ,1ND ;~TILESTO'_`ES .......................................................................................................................... ..7 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TIME AND RESOURCES .............................................. ..7 GRAHAM ALLEN PARTNERS' RESOURCES ................................................................... ..7 TRACT" ~ilt:1HA\I, hRO~1:(:T LE,1D .............................................................................................................. .. ~ MARS" JO C)GREN, PROJECT ~'IANAGER .................................................................................................... .. 9 JOE QUEENAN, CONSULT.~NT .................................................................................................................... ..9 GAVIN FERLIC, CONSULTANT .................................................................................................................... 10 BUDGET & COST ................................................................................................................. 10 PROFESSIONAL SER~~ICES ............................................................................................................................ IO TRAVEL & E\PENSES ................................................................................................................................... 11 Con/idential - lgnitia: Park: Feasihilih Sludv and Sn•ategic Plau Proposal- Graham A//en Pnrtners Fehrua7• l01 / INTRODUCTION As a result of a number of unique competitive advantages, the City of South Bend has an opportunity to become a leading center of technology in the Midwest. At the center of this opportunity lies the development of Ignition Park into a Technology Park focused on bringing together South Bend's technology resources. With a fully developed, feasible concept and detailed strategic plan, Ignition Park has the potential to create the conditions that will attract large corporations, entrepreneurs, researchers, and investors. Unlike traditional University sponsored technology parks, which are primarily focused on efforts that further specific University research interests, Ignition Park has the opportunity to focus on designated industry clusters. Doing so broadens the scope of the Park and expands the potential client base, thereby enriching the local and regional economy. In addition, this strategic focus reduces the Park's reliance upon University research activities, allowing the Park to utilize other local educational resources to spur innovation and growth among the community's existing businesses. This proposal seeks the City's approval of a study examining the feasibility of developing Ignition Park into aMulti-Cluster Technology Park. This Feasibility Study will include a thorough market analysis of benchmark technology parks, an examination of Ignition Park's competitive advantages, and an evaluation of potential industry clusters. Based upon the findings of this Feasibility Study, an initial Strategic Plan for Ignition Park will be developed, with an emphasis on the most viable clusters. This Strategic Plan will integrate the findings of the Feasibility Study and provide a strategic path for the Park's development. BENEFITS TO SOUTH BEND Economic benefits that come as a result of developing successful technology parks are well documented. These well-known, standard benefits are direct, tangible, and difficult to dispute. Among these are the ability to attract new companies into the community, the opportunity to spur the growth and expansion of existing local businesses, an expansion of the local tax base, and an aggressive increase in employment opportunities for local citizens. The successful development of Ignition Park will have this type of direct impact on the economic development of the City of South Bend. The creation of large numbers of new jobs and a robust workforce will lead to a stronger local economy. In turn, this will impact the area's tax base and other municipal resources. There will be huge strides made in the area of urban revitalization with the redevelopment of neighborhoods surrounding the park. These direct benefits are important and likely the basis upon which the City made the initial decision to invest in Ignition Park. These arc the benefits that everyone talks about. They are benefits that are important and can change communities forever. However, at this point in time, we cannot ignore a second set of lesser-known benefits: indirect benefits. These indirect benefits Cori/idential - lgnitiun Pak Feacibilih Stuch~ and Strategic Plcm Proposed- Graham Allen Parhrece Febr•uar-c 10l l are also important and will result from the City making a commihnent to fully investigate and develop a plan for Ignition Park that is based on research results. They result from a methodical study of one's own community that identifies the unique features that are present and the potential that exists, as well as an examination of businesses and industry from outside the South Bend area. This comparison will result in a clear plan of where South Bend and Ignition Park can succeed. As a result, the City will be able to communicate effectively with the public, bringing the whole community on board and cultivating support from primary stakeholders. This support is critical to the success of this project. Further, communicating a clear strategy based on data will inspire optimism among citizens. South Bend residents will feel confident that there is a plan in place that has been well researched and thoroughly vetted. The impact of this indirect benefit, community support and optimism, should not be minimized. Residents who understand the City's vision, goals, and plan can become critical partners in the development of Ignition Park. At the heart of this issue is the reality that performing a Feasibility Study to determine the industries that present the best opportunity for success at Ignition Park will provide information that will bring clarity to this project and allow the City to make informed, data driven decisions. While the indirect benefits have been described above, the following sections expand upon the direct economic benefits to the City of South Bend. WORKFORCE The Feasibility Study will work to analyze sectors and industries that can create jobs for South Bend residents over multiple time-year horizons. A 2007 report entitled "Characteristics and Trends in North American Research Parks," by Battelle Technology Partnership Practice offers that: Approximately 80 percent of research park workers are employed in the private sector. An additional 11 percent are employees of colleges and universities (both public and private institutions); 6 percent are government employees; and 3 percent are employed in businesses supporting other park tenants, such as retail stores, restaurants, daycare centers, banks, health clubs, and other on-site support services and amenities. (Batten, Page 20). The study will incorporate opportunities that create jobs for existing students and graduates of local colleges and universities, as well as entry-level positions that may require the re-training of unskilled workers. The study will seek to estimate the number and types of jobs that can be created, along with an estimate of what types of training would be needed to successfully implement the particular strategy. ConJiden7ial - lgiri~ion Pnrk: P'easibilin S~ad~~ cmd Sh~a~egic Plan Proposal- Grnhnm Allen ParLrers Fehruan 2011 2 URBAN REVITALIZATION Another economic benefit of redeveloping the fornler Studebaker corridor into a thriving economic region relates to urban revitalization. Note that "Recently, a number of universities located in urban settings have begun to apply the research park concept not only to provide needed R&D space for academics and their industry collaborators, but also to stimulate the redevelopment of neighborhoods" (Batten, Page 50). Efforts to develop Ignition Park will inherently lend themselves to redeveloping the neighborhoods around this area within the city of South Bcnd. TAX REVENUE Through a growing number of jobs and a boost in local economic activity, the City of South Bend would experience a direct increase in tax revenue. Aside from a larger income tax base in the short-term, there would also be an increased amount of tax revenue generated from property taxes in the long-tern. It is worth noting that: Employment in university research parks has regional economic benefits that extend far beyond a particular job or one's individual salary. These core research and technology- based industries have interdependent relationships with suppliers of other goods and services. Companies in research parks both depend upon and support others locally as well as nationally for various services (e.g., legal, marketing, waste disposal, transportation). As a result, the research park sector as a whole has an impact greater than the number of its total jobs might suggest. To measure the true, extended reach or impact or jobs within university research parks, a set of state- and industry-specific multipliers must be used. Multipliers quantify the ripple effect discussed here where one industry or group of industries supports or creates additional economic entities including jobs, taxes, and public revenues, and spending from the salaries of industry workers (Batten, Page 29). In all, it is apparent that there are a large number of potential economic benefits that extend from the development of Ignition Park. Through increased employment opportunities, urban revitalization, and an expanded tax base, the City of South Bend will benefit from a more robust local economy. Moreover, the City will be able to begin efforts to redefine its identity throughout the region as a truly 21'` century economy. Cor Jidentinl - lgrritiott Pnrk: Fensibilih• Snrdr and Strategic Plara Proposal- Grohnm Allen Purhrerc Februm~~ 10l l 3 GRAHAM ALLEN PARTNERS' QUALIFICATIONS Graham Allen Partners is uniquely positioned to carry out the objectives of this study for several reasons. First and foremost, the firm's employees have an in-depth knowledge of the technology industry and various opportunities within this field. The firm's management has extensive experience developing strategic plans and managing projects that have been scrutinized at the highest level and have been accepted, respected, and implemented successfully. This knowledge and experience is closely aligned with a deep understanding of the local community and a personal investment in its long-term success. The firm offers a network of accomplished individuals from diverse backgrounds that will work with other local talent to achieve the objectives of the study. In addition to these qualifications, the firm also offers the experience of a serial entrepreneur who ]las: planned and launched several local businesses; lived and worked in South Bend; interacted with a substantial number of local, regional, and national business leaders; developed strong relationships with well-respected entrepreneurs and executives; served on multiple boards and foundations within and beyond the South Bend area; and has ultimately reinvested the success of prior ventures into activities that add significant value to the South Bend economy. Above all, Graham Allen Partners is committed to the City's opportunity to emerge as a leading center of technology in the Midwest. Additional information regarding key project leaders is provided below within the Graham Allen Partners' Resources section of this document. SCOPE OF SERVICE The goal of this project is to conduct a Feasibility Study and create a Strategic Plan for the development of Ignition Park. The Feasibility Study will assess the feasibility and economic benefits of developing multiple designated industry clusters within the Park. Relying upon the findings of Feasibility Study, the Strategic Plan will define the strategy and action plan required for successful implementation. OBJECTIVES Conduct a Feasibility Study that investigates, thoroughly analyzes, and through the preparation and submission of a formal report, provides information that will be used to determine the overall costs required, value that will be derived from, and probability of success of developing Ignition Park into a Multi-Cluster Technology Park. Develop a detailed Strategic Plan for Ignition Park that defines the goals for the Park, provides data supporting the attainability of these goals, and articulates a detailed action plan for the execution of these goals. Identify the structure of the collaborative relationships between the City of South Bend, Innovation Park, local universities, and the private sector that are required for the successful development of Ignition Park. Confidential -Ignition Pnrk: Feasibilifi Slndj~ and Sn•ntegic Plan Proposrd- Grahmn AI/err Parnrers Februan~ 20/ / 4 DELIVERABLES FEASIBILITY STUDY SU111111ARY REPORT A Summary Report will offer an in-depth analysis of each potential cluster. Clusters to be examined may include: health and life sciences, nanotechnology, advanced manufacturing, industrial products and manufacturing, information technology, and data management and analytics. The following activities will be included as a part of the study: Activity 1)cscription 1~1arl:ei ASSCtiSnlenl Examine the needs of multiple constituent groups, including mtijor corporations outside of the South Bend community, local businesses, entrepreneurs, educational institutions/ researchers, amd investment (inns. • Conduct an assessment of each constituent group's needs in an effort to ~letennine what Ignition Park must do to be of value to each group. Business leaders, entrepreneurs, and educational leaders will be interviewed to ~letcimiue what unique service offerings and infi-astructure support must be in place for them to consider locating in Ignition Park. Investment firms ~~• ill be consulted to determine the components that must be in place for them to consider investing in companies located at lgnition Park. Resource Apse>sment Inventory and analyze existing regional resources, assets, and support and Competitive organizations to determine if resources currently available arc sufficient to Analysis attract and meet the needs of potential Ignition Park tenants. Some areas to be examined include: intellectual capital, technology infrastructure (i.e. Metronet), and training and education capacity. It is further anticipated that other areas in need of analysis will arise as a result of the Market Assessment. • Examine the role of local, state. and federal partners. • Determine whether the existing resources can support the identified needs and/ or be coordinated and harnessed in such a way that lgnition Park is able to sustain a potential industry cluster. • Complete a competitive analysis that will examine alternatives presently a<<tilable to target constituent groups. Conclusions and Prepare a detailed report comparing the findings of the Market Assessment Recununendatiun~ and the Regional Resource Assessment to deternine areas of weakness and ~~aps between what potential clients need and what is currently available. • l-ormulate recommendations based upon this report that will provide a list of ~~otential industry clusters with the greatest opportunities for success at f~~nition Park. Each opportunity will be evaluated and ranked based on a set of criteria defined by the Market Assessment. • I~Icntify the functional role of Ignition Park in support of these opportunities ,ind identify the space requirements, building amenities, and sh~u~ed scr~-ices necessary to meet the needs of identified cluster companies. Con/idc n~inl -lgnition Park ~ Fen.~~ihilih~ Slac!>> and Sh~nlegic Plata Proposal- Graham Allen Partrrerc Februn~~~ 2011 STRATEGIC PLANNING The Strategic Plan will integrate the findings of the Feasibility Study with industry best practices and lessons from peer technology parks to provide a strategic path for the Park's development. The following sections will be included as part of the Strategic Plan: Section U cscription Mission Present an overall development concept for Ignition Park. • ('Icarly articulate a mission based upon iindin~~~ ii~on~ the Fca~ihilit~ Study and community leader input. \i:ion Clearly articulate a fi~c-year ~ isiun for I~nitiun I'arl.. Marl.ct ,~1nal~~si~ Conduct additional research into high potential clusters identified b_y the Feasibility Study. • Develop a strategy for involving private sector developers and investors. • Outline the reduirements for initial building on the Ignition Park property. Srr~ire Oi~lcrin~~s Identify service oiicrings that ~~~ill atU~act and support existing businesses. enu•epreneurs, and local educational institutions, while helping to offset operating costs. • Identify support sen~ices that must be prodded to park tenants. Launch Strategy Document a fo~7na1 development strategy that addresses the following areas: facilities and grounds development; client and anchor tenant relationships, <u~d community partnership opportunities. • Deploy and utilize appropriate technology infrastructure. liirin~~ flan anal I~c~clop a management and stating plan for potential Parl: rinploycrs and ExCCUIIVC Leadership leadership. • [dentify hiring needs t~~r legal, clerical, and administrative support. Marketing Plan Create a plan for how best to market Ignition Park on a local, regional, and national level. • Develop the data that supports the creation of marketing materials for Inri~zc and Branding. • Develop pricing options tin siacr and land based on data rollectrd From competitive market analysis. • :Address issues related to pricing and promotion oi'ser~ ire oiicrin~~s. • Identify competitors and compare to peer technology parks. • Identify competitive advantages and develop differentiation stratc~~~ . • Develop plans for long-term sustainable en<~;~~.*cmcnt of prig .~t~~ scrtur. • Provide projection of absorption rates. Ria. ~;.r.•i~i~~ni Idcutil}~ potential risks to implcmrnt,i~ioi; r,j~ ~ii,ur~~i~ Ilan • Explore strategics for mitigating icicntil~ir~i rill.;. Strategic Priorities Determine strategic priorities. and Tactics Develop measurable goals and strategic tactics. Con/identicd - lgnitiun Park: Fensibilih Sh~dr and Sn•ntegic Plmr Proposal- Graham Allen Pa~nrers Februari~ 201 / 6 TIMING AND MILESTONES The work shall commence on or around February 15`x', 2011 with expected completion by August 3l s`, 2011 comprising approximately six months of elapsed time. A detailed Project Plan will be delivered by March 15`'', 2011 and will include a timeline for other deliverables as agreed upon by Graham Allen Partners and the City of South Bend's Division of Economic Development. Milestones Timeline Detailed Project Plan March 15, 2011 Draft Completion of Feasibility Study April 30, 201 1 Completion of Feasibility Study May 30, 20l 1 Presentation of Feasibility Study Summary Report to Redevelopment Commission June 14, 2011 Draft Completion of Strategic Plan July 31, 2011 Completion of Strategic Plan August 31, 201 1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TIME AND RESOURCES Graham Allen Partners seeks the support of the City of South Bend's Division of Economic Development in the following areas: • Graham Allen Partners requests that the City of South Bend's Division of Economic Development designate a representative who will have overall responsibility and authority for driving all key project decisions, signing off on key deliverables, facilitating communication between the Division of Economic Development and Graham Allen Partners as needed, and for securing City resources. • Graham Allen Partners requests access to all relevant reports conducted over the past five years by the City of South Bend's Division of Economic Development. GRAHAM ALLEN PARTNERS' RESOURCES Tracy Graham will be the Partner Lead for the Feasibility Study and the Strategic Plan. In addition, the Graham Allen Partners' project team will be comprised of high-level professionals including: consultants, industry analysts, content area specialists, and support staff. Collectively, the key project professionals possess extensive experience in the fields of entrepreneurship, project management, strategic planning, technology, research, and technology park management. In addition, each has an in-depth knowledge of the South Bend community and relationships with community stakeholders. This knowledge is paired with a genuine commitment to be a part of South Bend's growth and an excitement over the possibilities presented by Ignition Park. Moreover, Graham Allen Partners has awell-developed network of Con/idential - /gnition Park: Feasihilitr Stadr and Sn~ntegic Plan Po oposal- Graham Allen Pnrhrers Fehram7 10/ l '~ relationships with corporations, entrepreneurs, educational institutions, and investors locally, regionally, and nationally. Below, please find brief biographies for three of the professionals who will be leading this project. TRACY GRAHAM, PROJECT LEAD Tracy is the founder and Managing Principal of Graham Allen Partners. Graham Allen Partners has two primary divisions. The first division manages all activities relating to Graham Allen Partners' distinction as a private holding company focused on the incubation of early-stage, high- growth technology businesses. The second division manages all consulting and business advisory services, including project management for key clients such as the University of Notre Dame. Graham Allen Partners embraces a philosophy that each division compliments and enhances the other. Tracy himself has 14 years of executive level experience in the technology industry and has led countless projects and more than $80 million in technology related acquisitions and divestitures. Graham Allen Partners utilizes this extensive experience to create value in their subsidiaries, while developing innovative business models that create local partnerships that positively contribute to the community and add value for their investors. Further, Graham Allen Partners utilizes Tracy's extensive project management and strategic planning experience to deliver high quality, professional consulting to local, regional, and national clients. Prior to founding Graham Allen Partners, Tracy co-founded GramTel, Inc (a managed data center provider) in partnership with The Jordan Company (a private equity firm headquartered in New York). In his role as President of GramTel, he was responsible for the company's strategic direction as well as aligning all internal and external resources to gain market share in the small and mid-sized business market. He led the company to become the largest provider of managed data center services in the state of Indiana and the largest privately held provider in the Midwest. In addition to providing managed data center services, GramTel engaged in significant consulting projects. Key project management clients included: Meijer's, headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan with 190 stores throughout the region; SNR Denton, one of the 25 largest law firms in the world with offices in 33 countries; Gulf Stream Coach, a leading recreational vehicle manufacturer for over 25 years; and Davenport University, a growing University serving thousands of students across multiple campuses in Michigan. In 2007, GramTel was sold to Cincinnati Bell, Inc (a publicly traded telecommunications company). After selling GramTel, Tracy joined the Cincinnati Bell team and over a two year period worked with the company to build its managed data center business with a focus on the small and mid-sized business market. Prior to founding GramTel, he founded Internet Services Management Group, Inc ("ISMG") where he led the company to become the second largest privately held ISP in the United States ConJidenlial - /gnition Park: Fensihililr Shah' and Strntegic Platt Proposnl- Gt•aham Allen Parhters Febntat~' 201 / g (acquiring and integrating 23 companies). With its focus on a secondary market customer niche, ISMG thrived well below the radar of the giant telecom providers. His ability to execute a business strategy that embraces secondary markets propelled the company to a leadership position in the field. Tracy has a long history of community service, currently serving on the boards of Davenport University (Chairman), Memorial Hospital, Stanley Clark School, WHIT (a Public Broadcasting Television Station), and the Career Academy of South Bend. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Notre Dame and attended the Indiana University Graduate School of Education. MARY JO OGREN, PROJECT MANAGER In her role as Project Manager, Mary Jo will be responsible for coordinating all activities that lead to the successful execution and completion of this project. Her recent experience includes serving as the Project Manager for an ongoing consulting engagement between Graham Allen Partners and the University of Notre Dame. In this role, Mary Jo's performance, as well as the performance of other Graham Allen Partners' consultants, has garnered praise from the highest levels at the University and has resulted in an expansion of the original engagement. Born and raised in South Bend, Mary Jo joined Graham Allen Partners as a Director in 2010. Her responsibilities include coordinating all activities of the firm; including strategic planning, consulting, training, and community engagement. Prior to joining Graham Allen Partners, Mary Jo spent 13 years as a classroom teacher and is a licensed School Administrator. Her dedication to urban students and students with special needs was recognized in 2007 when she was named Teacher of the Year at Adams High School and runner-up for the entire South Bend Community School Corporation. Believing that many of the issues impacting her students were economic based, she made the decision to join Graham Allen Partners where she embraces the opportunity to make a positive impact on the community at- large. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Notre Dame, a Master's of Science degree in Education from Indiana University, and completed the School Administration Licensure Program at Bethel College. JOE QUEENAN, CONSULTANT An experienced entrepreneur, Joe is currently a consultant at Innovation Park at Notre Dame, serving as Acting Client Service Director. In this role, Joe serves as an advisor to early and mid- stage technology businesses on a range of topics, including operations, go-to-market strategies, ConJiden(ial - /gni(inn Park: Feasihilih• Sluch' and S(rategic Plnn Proposal- Grahatva Allen Pnr(nerc Fehrunr~ l0/ 1 C~ persomlcl, and public policy matters. He also serves as a resource for the recruitment and mentoring of clients at Innovation Park. Prior to becoming the Client Services Director at Innovation Park, Joes served as a Special Consultant to Innovation Park. In that capacity, Joc was instrumental in designing the IT infrastructure for Innovation Park; which was specifically designed to permit portability for companies transferring their operations from Innovation Park to Ignition Park. Joe also worked to negotiate pricing and implement partnerships. Prior to joining Innovation Park, Joc held senior management positions with emerging and established technology firms, was a member of Microsoft's RFID Advisory Committee, and a member of President George W. Bush's National IT Steering Committee. Joe and his wife Carrie moved to the South Bend area in 2007 when Carrie accepted a professorship at the University of Notre Dame in the Mendoza College of Business. Joe is active in the community, raising money and awareness for children's cancer research and children's literacy programs. He is also a Board Member and the Treasurer of FISH (Fellow Irish Social Hub (www.ndfish.org) asocial venture incubator designed to help socially innovative ideas develop into sustainable, for-purpose enterprises. GAVIN FERLIC, CONSULTANT Born and raised in South Bend, Indiana, Gavin received his Bachelor's degree in Pre-Medicine and History from the University of Notre Damc. He went on to receive an MBA from Indiana University's Kelley School of Business and a JD from Indiana University's Maurer School of Law, with a concentration in Entrepreneurship and Business Law. He was only the second three- year JD/MBA graduate in the program's history. Following graduation, Gavin passed the Indiana State Bar Exam and is presently licensed to practice law in Indiana. While enrolled in graduate school, Gavin gained valuable professional experience as a business development intern for algae biofuel start-up Phylein, Inc. and also worked with a technology incubator, Innovation Park at Notre Dame, as a legal intent. Bl'DGET & COST PROFESSIONAL SERVICES An experienced team of Graham Allen Partners professionals will work with experienced industry analysts and content area experts to complete the Feasibility Study and Strategic Plan. Based on our current understandings and assumptions, our professional fees for the scope of work described above are estimated to be, and are not to exceed, $255,890. This fee assumes the allocation of resources for the three key professionals listed above, additional support staff, designated cluster industry analysts, and content area experts. Con/idential - /gnition Park: Feasihilih' Stuch' and Strategic Plan Proposal- Graltnm Allen Partners Februan 20/ I 1 0 TRAVEL & EaPENSES Graham Allen Partners will travel throughout the region, as part of its scope of work, to gain a better understanding of the needs of existing businesses, entrepreneurs, researchers, and investors. Graham Allen Partners will endeavor to inform the individuals it interacts with about the benefits of becoming part of Ignition Park. Expenses include the cost of basic administrative services such as copying, printing, postage, etc. Travel and expenses are not to exceed $10,000. Feasibility Study $191,890 Strategic Plan $64,000 Travel & Expenses $10,000 Accepted and Agreed to: Graham Allen Partners, LLC South Bend Division of Economic Development Date Date Conlidemial - Ignniai Pnrk: Fensibilih' Slud>> and Sn~ntegic Plan Proposal- Graham AAert Partners Febrnan~ 201 / 1 I