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Section 45: All piping shall be run as direct as practicable and <br />so arranged that it may be readily repaired, but no part of a plumbing <br />or drainage system shall be needlessly exposed to damage. <br />Section 46: All horizontal piping shall be run in practical <br />alignment znd at a uniform grade of one -half ( *) inch per foot when poss- <br />ible, but in no ease shall the grade be less than one- quarter O of an <br />inch to one foot (1) for soil or waste pipe and house drains suspended <br />by iron hangers upon piers or -posts or wall ledges; and not less than <br />one - eighth (1/8) of an inch per foot for vent or ventilating pipes, <br />house sewers and undergroung drains. <br />Section 47: All drainage and plumbing pipes shall be rigidly se- <br />cured or properly supported to keep their alignment and grade, and all <br />changes of directiob, either horizontal or vertical, shall be made with <br />the appropriate use of "Ys", half "Ys ", sanitary "TYs ", long sweep <br />quarter, sixth, eighth, or sixteenth bends, with short nipples where <br />screw joints are used. <br />Increase or reduction in size shall be made by the use of a proper <br />fitting. <br />Section 48: No double hub, or double T, shall be used on horizontal <br />runs, nor shall sanitary T branches be used to change the direction of <br />flow in or to horizontal runs, nor shall double hubs or straight dross- <br />es be used on the soil or waste pipe, saddle hubs, and bands are in all <br />cases prohibited. <br />Section 49: Offset in the mains of all stacks shall be avoided if <br />possible, but when unavoidable they shall be made with forty -five (45) <br />degrees fittings. <br />Section 50: All excavations required to be made for the installation <br />of a building drainage system, or any part thereof, within the walls of <br />a building, shall be open trench r1ork. All such trenches shall be kept <br />open until the piping has been inspected. <br />Section 51: All free standing stacks shall be thoroughly supported <br />on concrete or masonry piers at their base, and those forty (40) feet <br />or more in height shall also be provided with foot rests at their base <br />and also with floor rests or supports at every ten (10) feet intervals. <br />The pipe supports according to their location shall be made with <br />