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Smokefree Air Ordinance of 2014- 2 "d Substitute Bill No. 31 -14
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<br />Spengler, J.; Callaway, C.A., "ASHRAE position document on environmental tobacco smoke,"
<br />American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air - Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 2005.)
<br />During periods of active smoking, peak and average outdoor tobacco smoke (OTS) levels
<br />measured in outdoor cafes and restaurant and bar patios near smoker's rival indoor tobacco
<br />smoke concentrations. (Klepeis, N.; Ott, W.R.; Switzer, P., "Real -time measurement of outdoor
<br />tobacco smoke particles," Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57: 522 -534,
<br />2007.) Nonsmokers who spend six -hour periods in outdoor smoking sections of bars and
<br />restaurants experience a significant increase in levels of cotinine when compared to the cotinine
<br />levels in a smokefree outdoor area. (Hall, J.C.; Bernert, J.T.; Hall, D.B.; St Helen, G.; Kudon,
<br />L.H.; Naeher, L.P., "Assessment of exposure to secondhand smoke at outdoor bars and family
<br />restaurants in Athens, Georgia, using salivary cotinine," Journal of Occupational and
<br />Environmental Hygiene 6(11): 698 -704, November 2009.)
<br />Residual tobacco contamination, or "thirdhand smoke," from cigarettes, cigars, and other
<br />tobacco products is left behind after smoking occurs and builds up on surfaces and furnishings.
<br />This residue can linger in spaces long after smoking has ceased and continue to expose people to
<br />tobacco toxins. Sticky, highly toxic particulate matter, including nicotine, can cling to walls and
<br />ceilings. Gases can be absorbed into carpets, draperies, and other upholsteries, and then be
<br />reemitted (off - gassed) back into the air and recombine to form harmful compounds. (Singer,
<br />B.C.; Hodgson, A.T.; Nazaroff, W.W., "Effect of sorption on exposures to organic gases from
<br />environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)," Proceedings: Indoor Air 2002, 2002.) Tobacco residue is
<br />noticeably present in dust throughout places where smoking has occurred. (Matt, G.E.; Quintana,
<br />P.J.E.; Hovell, M.F.; Bernert, J.T.; Song, S.; Novianti, N.; Juarez, T.; Floro, J.; Gehrman, C.;
<br />Garcia, M.; Larson, S., "Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of
<br />infant exposures," Tobacco Control 13(1): 29 -37, March 2004.) Given the rapid sorption and
<br />persistence of high levels of residual nicotine from tobacco smoke on indoor surfaces, including
<br />clothing and human skin, this recently identified process represents an unappreciated health
<br />hazard through dermal exposure, dust inhalation, and ingestion. (Sleiman, M.; Gundel, L.A.;
<br />Pankow, J.F.; Jacob II1, P.; Singer, B.C.; Destaillats, H., "Formation of carcinogens indoors by
<br />surface - mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke
<br />hazards," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of America
<br />(PNAS) 107(15): 6576 -6581, February 8, 2010.)
<br />Unregulated high -tech smoking devices, commonly referred to as electronic cigarettes, or
<br />"e- cigarettes," closely resemble and purposefully mimic the act of smoking by having users
<br />inhale vaporized liquid nicotine created by heat through an electronic ignition system. After
<br />testing a number of e- cigarettes from two leading manufacturers, the Food and Drug
<br />Administration (FDA) determined that various samples tested contained not only nicotine but
<br />also detectable levels of known carcinogens and toxic chemicals, including tobacco- specific
<br />nitrosamines and diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical used in antifreeze. The FDA's testing also
<br />suggested that "quality control processes used to manufacture these products are inconsistent or
<br />non - existent." &.a.], "Summary of results: laboratory analysis of electronic cigarettes conducted
<br />by FDA," Food and Drug Administration (FDA), July 22, 2009;
<br />http:// www. fda. gov/ NewsEvents/ PublicHealthFocus /ucml73146.htm Accessed on: October 22,
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