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• of the agency's' funds were expended on direct relief programs because of the scope of the eme-rcTency and immediacy of need. But FERA director Harry L. Hopkins set up a rudimentary work relief program under its umbrella, a step toward his none -too -secret goal of a broad-based program that would. provide appropriate jobs for all manner of unemployed workers. Hopkins soon became the, director of the Civil Works Administration (CWA), a true work relief program initiated in the fall of 1.933 to provide Jobs over the coming winter. Discontinued the following spring. the short. - lived CWA nonetheless left a legacy of scattered structures throughout the country.5 In St. Joseph County, quite a lot was accomplished under the CWA banner, including initial development • of Rose Park and Laing Park in Mishawaka and construction of the stone wall in front of Ardmore School. Projects were originated at the local, state, and sometimes the federal level. An example of a state CWA project in St. Joseph County was the improvement of Bendix Airport (virtually nothing has survived subsequent decades of modernization).-, Yet another significant result of the first few months of Roosevelt's administration was the Public Works Administration (PWA) that provided grant funds for large-scale public construction, such as waterworks. sewer systems and treatment For an explanation of work relief programs from their chief advocate, see Harry L. Hopkins, SDendincr to Save: the Complete Story of Relief (New York: W.W. Norton, 1936). • "State's Own CWA Airport Program," South Bend Tribune, 27 December 1933; "CWA Carries On Projects," South Bend "tribune, 25 January 1934; "Wall Built at Ardmore School." South Bend Tribune, 6 April 1934.