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significance of this pioneer -burial site, it is the staff's recommendation that this site be designated by ordinance as a County Historic Landmark. Landmark status would be one way to ensure protection of this valuable piece of local heritage. In recent years cemetery studies have assumed significant proportions in that these sites represent highly organized cultural landscapes. Within the field of social science, cemetery research occupies two broad categories. The first is the analysis of architectural styles of tombstones and gravemarkers over a period of time --of interest to folklorists, historians and archaeologists. The second is the geographic analysis of cemeteries as a reflection of local land use patterns. Similar approaches to cemetery studies involve viewing them as cultural landscapes incorporating both spatial and architectural elements.[3] The recognition of cemeteries as a significant type of built environment has been of special interest to social and cultural historians. According to them, not only do cemeteries provide a document of the most durable artifacts of death but also a record of death customs. Above all, they have been appropriately described as "planned places of beauty where the dead and the living might mingle in restful reflection."[4] Thus the preservation and maintenance of cemeteries is significant to the historian, the archaeologist, the folklorist, the sociologist and the cultural geographer as well as to those who have ancestors buried in them. Cemeteries serve both a functional and an emotional purpose. Functionally, they provide a place for the disposal of corpses. On the emotional plane, they are a place where the living can "communicate" with their dead relatives; in this sense they are meaningful as both sacred and secular symbols. In addition, the cemetery as a landscape shares spiritual and mystical traits as a positive expression of a range of religious beliefs.[5] In many parts of the United States, maintenance of cemeteries therefore has been part of the "urban beautification process."[6] The preservation of Ullery cemetery would fulfill a similar function -- that of beautifying the existing landscape, in addition to recognizing and respecting local heritage. Historical Development What is unique and most historically significant in the history of the Ullery Cemetery is its original association with the group of emigrants frequently referred to as the Pennsylvania Dutch. -Most of the families who formed the core of the group here followed a similar migration pattern, moving from Pennsylvania to Ohio and then settling in Clay Township. They shared similar 3